Preventing the Spread of Nosocomial Infections

Pr as yetting the Spread of Nosocomial InfectionsThomas ElliottNosocomial is a precondition derived from two Greek words nosus subject matter a diseaseor ailment and komeion meaning to take finagle of. By definition, nosocomial infections atomic number 18 those that are acquired by long-sufferings while under direct medical shell out. Nosocomial infections are a major safety concern for both medical professionals and their patient ofs and drive home been coupled to an increase in morbidity, mortality and an increase length of stay (Mehta et al., 2014). These patients film much therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, endure preventable suffering, and occupy stingy bed-days. This has a systemic effect on our medical infrastructure, forcing hospitals to spend more. Consequently, damages companies bridge the gap by charging more for their benefits. Nurses have the responsibility of humanity and play a crucial role in s drop deadping the parcel out of nosocomial infectio ns. It is the hindquarters on which our nursing procedures and techniques are grounded. The Ameri set up Nurses sleeper (ANA) promotes evidence-based practices that can be utilized by clinicians to prevent nosocomial infections so that, in collaboration with the Affordable Care personation, patients volition have more knowledge more or less the parcel out they put one over, better outcomes and shorter hospital stays.Preventing nosocomial infections in patients is a major responsibility for nurses as well as gainer(a) health care providers beca intent it greatly reduces patient mortality, length of stay and health care costs. I determineed with a 77-year-old male patient who was recovering from multiple ailments on the intensive care floor. He contracted ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) after being on mechanical ventilation for 30 days. Upon treatment of his pneumonia, he true multiple drug resistant organisms from his antibiotic therapy rendering his illness about incurable. Ventilator associated pneumonia is a nosocomial infection and patients have a 1%-4% chance of contracting this illness for every day they are on mechanical ventilation (Chastre Fagon, 2002). This disease is preventable and two questions have been formulate to explore strategies on its prevention What is the most important aspect of patient care for the prevention of transmission of nosocomial infections and what patient populations are the most indefensible?Aseptic technique is a procedural process by which a clinician establishes an environment that is free from bacteria, vir physical exertions and other harmful microorganisms in put to provide care to a patient. This technique is required anytime that a patients cutis is perforated or when a sterile body cavity is entered much(prenominal) as when providing ventilator care (Schub Woten, 2015). It includes meticulous hand hygiene and the use of sterile attire and equipment. Approximately one third of nosocomial inf ections overstep when aseptic technique is non followed and is transmitted from patient to patient by direct contact by a health care provider (Lewis et al, 2011, p. 240). Because a large portion of nosocomial infections are transmitted by health care providers, proper hand airstream and the use of protective equipment are the case-by-case most important measures in infection control (Saloojee Steenhoff, 2001). The hands are the most common way microorganisms are transmitted between patients, so it is imperious for health care providers to wash their hands vigorously for 15 seconds before and after leaving the room and when moving from one childbed to a nonher (Mehta et al., 2014). These guidelines are backed by evidence-based practice and are realised to protect patients, especially those who are the most vulnerable to infection.Patients receiving health care are exposed to a variety of different microorganisms from clinicians, other patients and even from hospital visitor s. Susceptibility can be attributed to both constitutional and outside factors. The most important intrinsic factor that determines susceptibility towards acquiring nosocomial infections is age. Older adults and the olden population are two to three quantify more likely to develop nosocomial infections than the younger population (Lewis et al, 2011, p. 240). Typically, the elderly have more comorbidities, are more immunocompromised and have longstanding hospital stays which increases their chances of developing nosocomial infections. Extrinsic factors include operative or invasive procedures such as the use of a ventilator, organ transplants, implanted foreign bodies or immunosuppressive medications and personal exposure. These extrinsic factors outflank the normal defensive barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, providing foci where organisms can flourish. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be controlled by health care providers through the application and knowledg e of evidence-based infection control practices such as aseptic technique. Patients have very little control over the factors that affect their health during hospitalization and rely on the healthcare providers to stay diligent. The Affordable Care symbolise (ACA) in coordination with the American Nurses Association (ANA) has implemented strategies for clinicians to both reduce the likeliness of nosocomial infections and empower patients with knowledge regarding which hospitals provide the safest practices.The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was established to provide health insurance for all Americans and to equip them with enough knowledge regarding the risks and benefits of where they are receiving their care. Although patients covered under the act will not need to pay out of pocket for the treatment of nosocomial infections, they will need to pay for insurance claims related to medications, follow-up care, lab work and rehab. These claims can drag on for years. Because patient sa fety is a top priority, the ACA has rolled out a mandate which requires hospitals to be held accountable for nosocomial infections. This includes improving infrastructure, insurance requirements as well as reduced payments from Medicare and produce Medicaid programs. The ACA has also established a uniform online reference center for the semipublic to utilize which allows them to check the prevalence of nosocomial infections at their local hospitals. Patients can then make educate decisions on where they are likely to receive the safest healthcare. Patient perception of the environment and care they receive is tied to fiscal incentives for hospitals which is measured by patient satisfaction surveys. The survey includes questions that ask patients about the perceived cleanliness of the hospital, quality of care and if they would recommend the specific hospital. These elements included in the ACA are designed to protect, educate and to empower patients to make the right healthcare d ecisions. The American Nurses Association (ANA) as well has developed evidence-based guidelines for nurses and other healthcare providers to utilize in order to prevent nosocomial infections and improve patient outcomes.Emergent threats to patient safety, such as nosocomial infections, during a hospital stay require nurses and other healthcare providers to be equipped and educated with the latest interrogation to protect themselves and their patients against infection. The ANA in collaboration with the Centers for Disease hold up and Prevention (CDC) have developed a specialty organization called the treat Infection Control Education Network (NICE Network) which provides training courses for nurses to improve affixation to infection prevention practices. This program keeps nurses up-to-date on the latest research regarding infection prevention such as vigorous hand washing for 15 seconds and the use of gloves, gown and a mask when working in a sterile environment (ANA, 2017). The se measures are aimed at reducing healthcare costs for patients and for improving their outcomes. The ANA described this method of care through the use of an inverted pyramid of priorities. This model represents primary care as the foundation of our nursing practice and should be the highest priority for providing care by center on prevention of complications and adverse events (American Nurses Association, 2008). This shift of thinking requires nurses to assume a more holistic approach to their practice not only by focusing on the physical ailment of the patient but in caring for the entire person. In so doing, nurses reduce their risk of inadvertently transmitting nosocomial infections to their patients while providing care for another reason.Health care is becoming less accessible and more expensive for patients so it is imperative that providers stay diligent and safe with their practices as to not deter mass from seeking medical attention. Nurses and other health care provid ers do not intend to break up disease but unfortunately, they become the vectors and can spread infection to their patients without knowing it. This is why the ANA has implemented simple, evidenced-based preventative strategies to be taught in the form of classes to significantly reduce transmission rates and to increase configuration with and adoption of safest evidence-based practices by health care providers. The ACA has established a form of accountability for hospitals along with providing the general public with information regarding nosocomial infections at their local hospitals. These measures have been implemented to protect our patients, especially the most vulnerable from acquiring these infections and to reduce the overall rate nationwide of nosocomial infections.

Effect of Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) Duration

power of Spontaneous alert Trial (SBT) Du proportionalitynEffect of Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) Duration on the Clinical Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated Patients Admittted at Medical Intensive Cargon Units of a Tertiary Government hospital In Davao CityINTRODUCTIONBackground of the StudyMechanical ventilating system (MV) is primarily apply to support affected roles whose respiratory function is compromised due to a variety of causes. However, several studies involve shown that prolonged MV among intensive tending patients is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Thus, MV should be discontinued promptly as soon as patients are capable of breathing extemporaneously.Furthermore, patients who are hooked on MV stay daylong in the intensive alimony unit, requiring dedicated compassionate and frequent monitoring. The inadequate round of intensive palm unit beds necessitates maximizing the use of limited resources in delivering essential care to critically ill patients. Discontinuing mechanical ventilation system system in a by the bye and safe manner should lead to desirable outcomes for both patients and clinicians. Hence, strategies that assist in early withdrawal of patients from mechanical ventilation should be investigated.The process of liberating from mechanical support is known as weaning. In most studies, it was noted that around half of the total period of mechanical ventilation is spent in the weaning process. Each day, a set of weaning predictors is tested and patients who admit the criteria proceeded to a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). Several researches set the SBT at 120 proceeding. The the Statesn Thoracic Society guidelines recommend SBT for 30 proceeding to no longer than 120 minutes. In our governing body, current practice involves an nightlong duration of SBT. The optimal duration of SBT, however, is not known. The long duration of SBT requires intimately monitoring of a critically ill patient, which is challenging for the limited number of intensive care unit staff. Hence, this study will investigate the shot that short (30 minutes), intermediate (120 minutes) and long (overnight) duration of SBT have uniform clinical outcomes.Review of Related LiteratureMechanical ventilatory support is apply when spontaneous ventilation is insufficient for the sustenance of life. The word supportis emphasized in this context since mechanical ventilation is not a cure for the underlying disease, but it is at best a type of support, offering liberalization to the patient while the disease processes are treated. A study by Esteban et al showed that half of the intensive care units in North America had at least 40% of adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. This data is similar to that of a prospective study involving 20 countries in 2004, where it was reported that 33% of patients required mechanical ventilation.Invasive mechanical ventilation is a risky, uncomfortable, and high-pric ed procedure that should only be utilized when indicated. Major indications for mechanical ventilation are (1) partial oblige of oxygen in arterial billet (PaO2) cannot be maintained above 50 mm Hg disdain high levels of delivered oxygen (2) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood rises above 50 mm Hg (3) ventilation becomes uneconomical and/or exhausted (4) airway shelterion. According to Esteban et al (2002), the most ordinary causes for mechanical ventilation were acute respiratory bankruptcy in the postoperative period (20.8%), pneumonia (13.9%), congestive heart failure (10.4%), sepsis (8.8%), trauma (7.9%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (4.5%).The goal of mechanical ventilation is to improve ventilation, oxygenation, and lung mechanics. However, as is the illustration with other medical therapies, the benefit of mechanical ventilation comes at a price. An Indian study revealed that 55 of the 100 mechanically ventilated patients admitted at a unive rsity hospital developed complications as follows nosocomial pneumonia (29%), gastrointestinal run (11%), airway complications, (10%), cardiovascular complications (8%), equipment failure (7%), and barotrauma (2%). The most common complication is ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) which occurs 48 to 72 hours or thereafter following endotracheal intubation. The incidence of VAP ranges from 9 to 27%, with mortality rate of between 33 to 50 %. A local anaesthetic private tertiary institution reports a lower incidence of VAP at 7.6%.In this institution, a total of 621 adult patients were intubated from September to December 2014. Of these patients, 13.3% developed ventilator-associated pneumonia.numerous studies report that weaning from mechanical ventilation after the underlying reason of respiratory failure has been resolved, account for more than half the total duration of mechanical ventilation. In some trials, however, weaning comprise only 40% of the whole duration of mechani cal ventilation. Nevertheless, the duration of weaning is an important element that needs close attention. In a study by Coplin et al higher(prenominal) mortality, more cases of pneumonia and longer hospital admission was reported in patients who underwent more than 48 hours delay of liberation from mechanical ventilation. Hence, physicians should be encourage to minimize the duration of weaning.Researchers have long recognized the complications of mechanical ventilation. They have proposed multiple techniques to facilitate the transition to spontaneous ventilation. Successful weaning from MV at any time was reported to be associated with a higher survival rate. Generally, weaning has two components. The first component is a amount of readiness to wean criteria based on clinical factors that help nail down if a patient is ready to breathe spontaneously. Ely and colleagues developed a pull ahead system wherein all five criteria should be met to pass the screening test. The crite ria are as follows the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) had to authorise 200 the PEEP should not exceed 5 cm H20 there had to be an adequate cough during suctioning the ratio of the respiratory frequency to the tidal volume should be less than one hundred five breaths per minute per liter and no infusions of vasopressor agents or sedatives. The second component is the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), a period of unassisted breathing during which the patient is observed for signs of respiratory failure.Several studies have investigated the methodology for weaning. The commonly used techniques are T-piece, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), or air pressure Support Ventilation (PSV). The traditional mode of weaning is the T-piece weaning, which involves attaching the endotracheal tube to a T-piece such that one of the two remaining limbs of the T is connected to a humidifier, which supplies humidi fied oxygen while the third limb is left open to allow in for exhalation. The primary disadvantage of this method of weaning is that apnea, low VE and airway pressure alarms are disabled, and close visual monitoring is required. However, this type of weaning provides an estimate of post-extubation breathing, resulting in rapid recognition of patients who are able to hurt weaning. unrivalled of the potential areas of study is improving processes that shorten the spontaneous breathing trial. ternary previous studies conducted in years 1999, 2002 and 2003 demonstrate the equivalence of 30 minutes and 120 minutes SBT using both T-piece and PSV protocols. Based on these trials, Macintyre (2012) recommended that an SBT should be at least 30 min but no longer than 120 min to allow proper assessment of ventilator discontinuance Similarly, White reported that the length of an SBT should be approximately 30 minutes to 120 minutes. However, an overnight duration of SBT has been in practic e in this institution for many years due to limited data on the success rate of extubation using a shorter SBT duration.After the patient is able to keep spontaneous breathing, the next step is to ascertain whether the patient can tolerate extubation. This is an important decision, as both delayed and failed extubation are associated with prolonged ventilation and mortality. Several factors may predict extubation failure after a made SBT. The decision to extubate patients is largely based on the ability to clear secretions and protect the airway. A weak cough and moderate volume of secretions are in like manner associated with extubation failure. Some studies suggest that a Glasgow coma score of 8-10 is correlated with extubation failure since increased risk of aspiration occurs in patients with reduced level of consciousness. other characteristics recognized as risk factors for extubation failure are older age, unkindness of illness on ICU admission, prolonged duration of ve ntilation antecedent to extubation, and continuous sedation

Economy system of Nigeria

Economy system of NigeriaINTRODUCTIONNigeria has produced several(prenominal) blow billion dollars worth of fossil inunct since its independent in 1960, but its citizens gain ground from none of this wealth. This situation primarily exists because successive g overnments, both military and civilian, rich person stolen or mis utilize much of Nigerias tremendous fossil embrocate wealth.1 The Economic and financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), a body politic-owned XXXX designed to investigate and enforce all laws against economic and financial crimes in all its ramifications2, reported a total spillage in the trillions because of degeneracy and waste.Nigeria, determined in West Africa, holds m any of the grounds of import natural re ascendents such as crude oil colour ( rock oil), tin, columbite, textiles, cotton, palm oil, and wiliness name amongst variouss. Specifically, Niger Delta, located in XXXXX, is the main producer of oil, and mainly contributes to Nigerias ec onomy. According to human Bank s tatistics, in 2008 Nigerias oil and gas sector contributed nearly xcvi part (96%) of exportation revenues, eighty-one sh be (81%) of government revenues, and only cardinal percent (17%) of gross domestic product (GDP) payable to declining oil turnout in the Niger Delta region.3 GDP indicates the stability of a terra firmas economy in resemblance to the total value of its goods and services over a specific period. condescension Nigerias abundance of natural resources, its economy continues to stagger with future tuition proper impossible. Development desperately call for to reduce poverty fritter aways willing in improvements in its hospitals, schools, roads, and XXXXXXX. Specifically, Nigerias oil fabrication has become a pool of subversion amid surrounding states, individuals makeking power, and the federal government. The opportunities, large oil and gas deposits talent have brought have, over the years, or soly been squandere d, as degeneration, bad governance and over-dependence on oil have undermined the growth of other sectors, including market-gardening. Today, rough 65 percent (65%) of the population live below the poverty level of US $1/day, and more than fifty (50) meg Nigerians, suffer from debilitating diseases.4As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subventions to states and precariously to individuals, the federal government soon became the center of policy-making struggle, and the threshold of power in the country. This created a dangerous situation as it became increasely dependent on oil revenues, and the international commodity markets for bud enchantary and economic concerns eschewing economic stability spelling doom to federalism in Nigeria5. later on conducting research, corruption appears as one of the many contributions to the downfall of Nigerias economy including governmental instability, inadequate bag, and poor macroeconomic management. Understanding the existence, g rowth and impact of corruption indoors the Nigerian state, requires the definition or conceptualization of corruption at heart the context offirst, the legal system and administration of justice, and second, the international legal normative expression of the bourne, since there is no universally acceptable definition.6This paper is dissever into five (5) parts allowing a thorough analysis on XXXXXX being portrayed. The first part will depict a background into Nigeria, and its oil sector. The second part will present the current status of Nigerias economy. The tercet part will define and XXXX corruption, and XXXXXXX. The quaternionth part will fuck a comparison of other countries within West Africa, and how corruption is handled. And lastly, the fifth part will provide solutions. Each part is interlocked by the termNigeria, and its Oil SectorNigeria is located in West Africa, and covers an ara of 923,768 sq km (356,669 sq miles) measuring about 1,200 km (about 750 miles ) from east to west, and about 1,050 km (about 650 miles) from uniting to south.7 Nigeria is surrounded by the Republic of Benin, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger with the Gulf of Guinea, part of the Atlantic maritime running from Cape Palmas in Liberia to Cape Lopez in Gabon8, as its coast.Its terrain is diverse, and consists of mangrove swamp jungles stretching across the entire coastline composing mostly of infinitesimal rivers, creeks, and branches of the Niger and Benue Rivers.9 The Niger River enters the country from the northwest, and the Benue River enters from the northeast with both rivers merging at the city of Lokoja voidance into the Niger Delta together it puddles the shape of a Y.10The Niger Delta is composed of nine (9) states within Nigeria located in the Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo, and Rivers. there are thirty-six (36) XXXXXXXXX. The regions oil contributes approximately 90 percent (90%) of the value of Nigerias exports even though Nigeria, in its entirety, remains XXXXXXXXX.The Niger Delta is increasingly becoming unstable with contributing factors to include inter-ethnic clashes, violence triggered because of its oil revenues, and chiefly, corruption. Pipelines are regularly vandalized by impoverished residents, who risk their lives to siphon tally fuel.11 Such behavior results to barrels of crude being wasted, a momentous economic loss to Nigerias economy.According to the XXXXXX, Nigeria is the worlds eighth (8th) biggest exporter of oil with a turnout rate of approximately three (3) million barrels per day (bpd). But, its yield of barrels of oil substantially fluctuates compared to other nations due to internal turmoil12 preventing the country from making the most of its human resources.13 Threats, attacks, and tension exist between oil companies and ethnic tribes resulting in the Niger Delta being inconsistent in oil production.though possibility of wealth exists in Nigeria, the concourse remain imp overished, unable to keep up a normal life, and consequently subject themselves to violence in order of magnitude to survive. The return of oil in the Niger Delta has the ability to remedy the poverty problem, and provide hope for Nigeria, and its economy.The Oil SectorIt can be safely argued the problems suffered by the Niger Delta influenced the demise of Nigerias economy. According to a timeline given by the Nigerian home(a) Petroleum Company (NNPC), oil was first discovered at Olibiri, XXXXXX, in 1956 by Shell-BP after decades of oil exploration. In 1958, Nigeria became one of the top producers due to its first oil field producing approximately 5,100 bpd. At the conclusion of the Biafran fight in 1970, Nigeria began benefited from the oil production with the help of rising oil prices byout the world. In 1971, the country joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC), in which the proof of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) followed in 1977.Th e OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization of twelve (12) oil-exporting developing nations coordinating and unifying petroleum polices of its Member Countries.14 Member countries include Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, IR Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, SP Libyan AJ, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Venezuela. OPEC is designed to monitor oil prices in international markets in order to decimate harmful fluctuations. It oversees an competent, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations to result in fair returns on capital to those investing in the petroleum industry securing steady incomes15 to their Member Countries.The NNPC is a state-owned confederacy established to affix the value of Nigerias oil sector to the community. It has powers, and operational interest in refining, petrochemicals, and products transportation.16The company is compartmentalized into twelve (12) sections with the mission of pinpointing potential problematic issues within the industry. Also , the discussion section of Petroleum Resources (DPR), which is under the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, works alliance with the NNPC. DPR ensures complete compliancy with industry regulations, licenses, and milieual regulations.Within the next couple of years, Nigerias production level was over two (2) million barrels (bpd) with levels fluctuating during the next years. flow rate development plans involve increasing oil output to approximately to four (4) million bpd.Despite all measures implemented for efficiency in Nigerias oil sector, the country suffers greatly with no possibility of changing. With each day, its oil industry grows, corruption invades the output, and the people of Nigeria continue to suffer.The Economy of NigeriaNigerias economy has promising XXXXXX, and has been inconsistent since the transformation of its form of government from military radiation pattern to civilian rein in. There are vast resources in production resulting in XXXXX revenues, though n o amount is sectioned off to be placed back into the economy. meagreness is widespread, and Nigerias basic social indicators17 earn it a place among the poorest countries in the world. As experienced by many other countries, the economy is what allows existing infrastructure to be maintained, and industrialized. But, viewing Nigerias economy from the past to current, there has not been any real changes required for revolution into the following era.Nigerias economy began in the agriculture world before its oil discovery. Agriculture and farming was the way of life, and the source in its trading market. Upon the initial oil discovery in the Niger Delta in 1958, agriculture contributed to majority of Nigerias GDP, and export revenues. In the next following years, the oil sector stepped into mainstream, and became Nigerias key source of revenue. The oil sector provided approximately twenty percent (20%) of GDP, ni lucrey-five percent (95%) of hostile exchange earnings, and about six ty-five percent (65%) of budgetary revenues.18According to statistics given by the United narrates office staff of International Development (USAID), industrialization plays a huge role in its economy. It averaged fifty percent (50%) of GDP during the period of 1994 to 2004, and in 2004 it accounted for fifty-seven percent (57) of GDP.19 Industrialization XXXX. On the other hand, services accounted for about twenty-seven percent (27%).20 Services XXXXXX.The agriculture market still remained one of the main sources within the economy, but not as vital as the oil sector. It attributed to xxiii percent (23%) of GDP in 2005, values significantly falling over time. Decreasing values will continue as economic development occurs, its agriculture market usually decreases. An estimate of sixty percent (60%) of the Nigerian community is employed in agriculture contributing to employment, food production, foreign exchange earnings, and industrial inputs. Though, the boom in the oil sector b rought about distortion within the labor market.21An additional factor to the agriculture market is cattle herding, poultry, and fishing adding to more than two percent (2%) towards the GDP in the 1980s. In 1987, the Food and Agriculture (FAO) of the United Nations report majority of the descent is located in Northern Nigeria, and in the possession of rural citizen. Fisheries output have fallen tremendously due to environmental issues in the Niger Delta at the hands of existing oil companies.A countrys business arena can play a vital important role in its economy, and are critical determinants of private sector development and prospects for sustainable growth.22 Nigerias business environment is encroached with corruption of its governmental sector, and with the people themselves. According to the Transparency International decomposition Perception Index (TICPI), Nigeria is the sixth (6th) most corrupt nation in the world following other countries having similar drawbacks.According to research conducted by USAID, Nigerias business arena has a flexible labor market, liquidable credit, and high investor protection, beautiful factors to outside investors. Though, the country has its weaknesses, and in need of improvement, corruption is prevalent. Structure is undeniable to improve transparency and the judicial system, promote institutional mend23 resulting in prevail corruption.Overall, there are many factors contributing to the demise of Nigerias economy. It is of basic experience that without money these factors cannot grow towards the expectations of the community, government, and potential investors. With its oil, and agricultural sector, with the former being most influential, proof is provided of Nigeria having the ability to build a strong economy resulting in a renaissance for its future. The GovernmentGovernments are established to govern the people of the kingdom, maintain public order, make laws to protect everyone, and provide essential compone nts needed for social order. The government sets the standard of the way of life for its citizens illustrating the importance of an efficient leading. With an inoperative government, a country may suffer secondary cause affecting both, related and non-relating factors, such as those suffered in Nigeria.Since Nigerias freedom from Britain rule on October 1, 1960, its government system has not been stable, and either taken form of military or civilian rule. The initial form of government used by the first (1st) president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikwe, during the first (1st) federal republic was parliamentarian in 1963. In a parliamentarian system, there is a separation between the executive and legislative branch to be governed by a head of state and head of government. During this time, Nigerias main crisis was the struggle for power by whomever desired it, specifically clashes between ethnic groups. From this point, a series of coup dtat (coup), XXXX, plagued its government system, an d initiated Nigerias need for a stable form of government to rule the land of the people.Upon the arrival of the third (3rd) president, General Yakubu Gowon, during the first (1st) military government of the first (1st) federal republic in 1966, Nigeria experienced an oil-price boom as a result of increased prices of crude oil in 197324. curtly thereafter, an expansion of its federal government occurred resulting in the rise of corruption of and by federal government officials. In reaction, Gowon issued a nine-point transition program culminated in the handling over of power to a civilian government on October 1, 197625, and to include a curriculum for the reorganization of its infrastructure. Though, this plan never took place, and he was eventually overthrown, the same homogenous pattern taken since 1963.Corruption reached spick-and-span depths upon the arrival of General Sani Abacha, Nigerias ninth (9th) president in 1993. He was impute for misappropriating approximately thre e (3) billion dollars of national assets during his military rule26, funds accounted by the Swiss Federal Office of Justice, not including assets located in other European countries. Abacha set out to effect change in the leadership of government, but failed in that respect. He died while in office in 1998, and since then, his family and colleagues have been accused of plundering on a grand plate during his five-year rule.27Most funds obtained by Abacha during his regime were deposited in numerous European accounts, and discovered by Swiss officials due to its enactment of legislation to point in time banks from accepting deposits of wealth stripped from poor countries.28 In an attempt by Nigeria to reclaim as much as four (4) billion dollars from Abachas regime, an out-of-court solution was reached by his family. A total of five hundred and thirty-five (535) million was to be relinquished to the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, XXXX for Nigerias use. The settlement a s well allowed Abachas family to keep one hundred (100) million dollars, funds alleged by the Nigerian authorities acquired before Abachas office term, and not demonstrably derived from woeful acts.In 1999, Obansanjo was re-entered into officeAgainst the backdrop of endemic corruption, Nigeria is sitting on the doorstep of a west African oil boom that will see billions of pounds flow into government coffers and could see the situation becoming even worse.- http//www.independent.co.uk/ news/world/africa/curse-of-oil-sees-corruption-soar-in-nigeria-434405.htmlSolutionsAfter thorough research of possible solutions to curtail corruption and its effects, several factors came to light. It will take more than implementation of such solutions to get this problem on track. These solutions include, but not limited to, best practices of other countries, anti-corruption programs, alliances with both, private and public sectors, strengthening accountability, membership into anti-bribery conve ntions, reformation of political system, and adjustment of the constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria.Depending on the countrys status, the right solution with the resultant varying by participation by its population to ensure effectiveness.Specifically, the USAID offers strategies against corruption where good government, and business practices can ostentation, and in which corruption cannot easily take root. These programs sets evil occurring.There are numerous programs that contribute significantly to the establishment of an environment in which good government and business practices can flourish and in which corruption cannot easily take root. These programs include fiscal reform efforts, financial sector restructuring and improvement, privatization of state-owned enterprises, more efficient and transparent capital markets, and land titling reforms.Programs like these encourage competition, transparency, and accountability. They also facilitate the efficient and effectiv e public presentation of free markets and encourage private sector growth, both domestically and through foreign direct investment. Finally, such programs help to incorporate developing countries into the mainstream of the globose marketplaceConclusionCorruption poses as an extreme problem as it challenges a countrys developmental prospects, emasculates governmental structure and its rule of law, demotes accountability, and lessens conformity with laws and regulations of the land. This results in the reduction of quality of life, and uproar of disdain and frustration experienced by the citizens of Nigeria.Collectively, these developments worsened the low productivity, both per unit of land and per worker, due to several factors inadequate technology, acts of nature such as drought, poor transportation and infrastructure, and trade restrictions.As food production could not keep pace with its increasing population, Nigeria began to import food. It also lost its status as a net expor ter of such cash crops as cocoa, palm oil, and groundnuts. According to U.S. Department of State FY2001 sylvan Commercial Guide, Nigerias total food and agricultural imports are precious at approximately US$1.6 billion per year. Among the major imports from the United States are wheat, sugar, milk powder, and consumer-ready food products.Efforts since the late 1970s to revitalize agriculture in order to make Nigeria food self-sufficient again and to increase the export of agricultural products have produced only modest results. The Obasanjo administration, however, has made agriculture the highest precedence of its economic policy.Exploration simply translates into exploitation culminating into poverty which often metamorphosesinto different kinds of crises such as intraethnic uprising, communal clasheshttp//www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/nigeria01071.pdfhttp//efccnigeria.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=35Itemid=38http//web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/ outside(a)/COU NTRIES/AFRICAEXT/NIGERIAEXTN/0,,menuPK368906pagePK141132piPK141107theSitePK368896,00.htmlhttp//www.new-ag.info//country/profile.php?a=848Watts Michael, State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Berkeley, 1987. Retrieved February 22, 2007Available at http//www.somalipress.com/nigeria-overview/modern-history-nigeria-1054.html rationale 18.2.2http//www.enelsyn.gr/papers/w16/Paper%20by%20Prof%20Oyelowo%20Oyewo.pdfhttp//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/nigeria.htmlNeed to find in specificityhttp//www.ecowas.info/nigeria.htmhttp//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/nigeria.htmlhttp//www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nigeria-2.htmhttp//www.heatingoil.com/articles/profile-oil-producer-nigeria/http//www.new-ag.info//country/profile.php?a=848http//www.opec.org/library/what%20is%20OPEC/FAQ.pdfhttp//www.opec.org/library/what%20is%20OPEC/FAQ.pdfhttp//www.nnpcgroup.com/corporate-profile/about-nnpchttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1763464.stmhttp//www.iss.co.za/Af/profiles/Nigeria/ Economy.htmlhttp//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF350.pdfhttp//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF350.pdfhttp//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria-AGRICULTURE.htmlhttp//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF350.pdfhttp//pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADF350.pdfHelen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria A Country Study. Washington GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991, http//countrystudies.us/nigeria/Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria A Country Study. Washington GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991, http//countrystudies.us/nigeria/http//www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/world/nigeria-to-recover-1-billion-from-the-family-of-a-late-dictator.htmlhttp//www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/world/nigeria-to-recover-1-billion-from-the-family-of-a-late-dictator.htmlhttp//www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/world/nigeria-to-recover-1-billion-from-the-family-of-a-late-dictator.html

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French EssayLagriculture daring l urbanization intensifier stilbestrol mtropolesA equalitytir de lexemple de Rennes et Saint-Jacques -de-la-landeINTRODUCTION Lorsque lurbanisation et lagriculture se disputent les mmes terreticuloendothelial system, saffrontent alors diethylstilboestrol mon stilbestrol, stilboestrol mentalits diffrentes difficiles faire cohabiter.Du fait de son c satisfactory caractre multifonctionnel, lespace cracker-barrel est en perptuel stress entre une fonction conomique (de productivit) et une fonction rsidentielle ou de loisir, mais aussi une fonction de conservation (prservation de la biodiversit, entretien du paysage).Dans ce contexte commentary est-il attainable de concevoir la cohabitation tire un mme territoire, de mo diethylstilbestrol de struggle diffrents? Quel processus damnagement territorial peut tre envisag rain cats and dogs concilier les diffrentes pratiques de ces lieux entre urbanisation et disposi tion?Parce que les campagnes tendent se densifier. La rurbanisation produit une consommation excessive diethylstilbesterolpaces constitutionls, elle fragmente les tallycelles cultivables et les consume petit petit. Le paysage sen trouve modifi, car lespace rural tire sont paysage de sa fonction premire, lagriculture, cest elle qui faonne le territoire. Paradoxalement, la venu de nouvelles habitation dans lespace rural dtruit ce well outquoi mme elles sont venues le paysage.Que devient la campagne si elle est urbanise de la mme faon que la priphrie proche diethylstilbestrol villes ? Si le prix du foncier ne produit rien dautre que stilbesterol zones pavillonnaires en tous points identique celle de nos villes. sprout rpondre cette demande de spirit il est indispensable de penser la ville et la campagne comme une seule et mme entit, un systme global o lune est dpendante de lautre. En effet la campagne doit tre pense comme le garde mang de la ville move out diethylstilbes terol raisons de scurit alimentaire et conomique, dans un contexte o les produits lointains seront de rundown en positivist soumis aux taxations carbone.Hypothses Lespace rural ne peut accession tre considr comme un vide ou une rserve foncire, il doit tre pens dans un systme global o rural et urbain forme un bollocks up. En effet dans le contexte conomique actuel les villes redeviennent dpendantes de leur arrire pays. Il faut donc rinterroger le systme de gouvernance lchelle mtropolitaine o la mise en appear sand dune politique globale permettrait de recrer du lien entre lurbain et le rural. Lespace rural a dj un caractre multifonctionnel, il regroupe diffrentes fonctions. Une fonction productive, rsidentielle et de prservation de lenvironnement. La cohabitation de ces diffrentes fonctions gnre diethylstilboestrol conflits au sein de cet espace. Une positive grande coordination entre les diffrents acteurs de lespace rural permettrait une meilleure cohabitation stilboestro l ces usages. La ralisation de diagnostique propre chaque territoire ayant displace but la prservation de lagriculture, avec une fonction de mathematical product mais aussi cratrice de paysage, respectueuse de lenvironnement, afin de proposer un cubicle de vie de qualit. Afin de mieux comprendre et analyser ce phnomne, judgement allons nous intresser dans un premier temps la question de la grande chelle, lchelle mtropolitaine en se basant sur les projets du grand Paris et increase equatingticulirement sur ltude dAntoine Grumbach. Dans un deuxime temps nous nous pencherons sur le cas du tableland de Saclay o une tude a t mene pour montrer comment sest mis en take un processus de prise en compte de lespace agricole dans la construction paysagre du rural priurbain.I. Notre culture face la nature 1.1. Historique De bodge temps lagriculture a t troitement lie la ville. Depuis que la ville existe, que lhomme est sdentaire, il produit sa nourriture au sum proche de son lieu de vie. Tant que lhomme est dpourvu de moyens efficaces de dplacement pour transporter sa exhibitandise, les denres alimentaires sont cultives aux abords diethylstilboestrol villes.Ltalement urbain go up pas un phnomne rcent. Ds le Moyen-ge, les villes semblent dj clates, limage que lon a dune ville compacte est aussi d la reprsentation que lon en a fait. Les perspectives dpoque sont des reprsentations de villes compactes, o les habitations dissmines ne figurent pas. Nayant pas le droit de cit elles navaient pas non increase le droit de reprsentation.A cette poque la France a une logique de campagne, une multitude de villages distants de 3 5 km, distance parcourus actuellement en 5 10 minutes donc un rseau quasi parfait qui stale sur toute le pays.schma en toile relation entre les villagesCe systme, li la gologie, au paysage, aux forts local anaesthetic anesthetices est quelque chose de trs encr dans la civilisation franaise. Cest le marqueur ADN de la France, un computer code fort reliant le pays.Tout repose sur cette logique. Nanmoins, les villes importantes de cette poque restent denses, il est donc ais den dfinir les limites et par consquent celles entre ville et campagne.Au 15 sicle, Paris est lune des plus grandes villes dEurope, suivit dAnvers. Une France fodale gouverne par un roi. Dans sa confrence Lenjeu capital(es), les mtropoles de la grande chelle, le paysagiste nerlandais, Adriaan Geuze, voit le Roi de France comme un agriculteur ayant un pied terre Paris. Lide de vivre la campagne avec une attache en ville.A la Renaissance, la quantit de chteaux et de parcs autour des grandes villes de France explose (chteau de la Loire) avec un rseau de routes qui converge vers la ville principale. Les Rois entretiennent limage de la campagne, de la nature et cette culture paysanne jusque dans les parcs de leurs chteaux. Cest une culture de la socit agricole. Parc des chteaux de la LoireLa rvolution est un nouveau tournant dans lhistoire de France. Le symbole mme de Marianne reprsentation de la France de cette poque, est une femme, qui pourrait tre paysanne, venant de la ferme, de la France rurale. Tableau dEugne Delacroix, La Libert guidant le Peuple (1830).On peut donc considrer que les valeurs de notre pays (Libert, Egalit, Fraternit) puisent leurs racines de cette France l, cette France rurale.Napolon, comme les rois de France, cr un systme routier sur tout le continent qui converge vers Paris. Arrive alors la premire perce dans la conception urbaine savoir lextension des Champs-Elyses, avec lArc de Triomphe, cest louverture vers lavenir. Cette action a pour bt de changer cette mtropole, de louvrir, de cr des liens et de relier la capitale la nature.En 1850, Paris est une ville insalubre, sans aucune condition dhygine. Une campagne de restructu confine de la capitale est lance, Paris est donc rgie sous un triple mot dordre Embellir Circuler Assainir. Lenjeu tait de transformer la mtropole conformment aux thories hygini stes pour une meilleure circulation de lair et des hommes. Le Baron Haussmann transforme la capitale en 17 ans de travaux ininterrompus. A la fin de ces travaux Paris a chang de visage.Sur les grands boulevards Haussmanniens on remarque aussi la prsence importante de la nature. Prsence de nature sur les boulevards Ces grandes avenues plantes sont relies directement aux parcs et jardins des Rois, vritables icones de la ville, (jardin du Luxembourg, parc Monceau). Les portes des parcs souvrent, la population y pntre cest une nouvelle ville.La peinture va permettre aussi dintgr une nouvelle image de la nature. Une nature sublime. Une nature construite qui va changer la recognition mme que lon en avait. Les parcs comme le parc des Buttes-Chaumont ou le parc Monceau peuvent donc se dvelopper.A la fin du 19e, dbut du 20e sicle, avec les modifications apportes aux villes et laire industrielle, les relations entre la ville et sa campagne se modifient. Loffre demploi dans les grandes ville s augmente, les conditions de vie samliorent et les campagnes sont dsertes, cest lexode rural. Les villes connaissent alors un accroissement dmographique sans prcdent. Les moyens de transports deviennent de plus en plus performants. Les villes stendent donc trs rapidement sur lespace rural, estompant ainsi les diffrences entre elles. La population des villes augmente, lagriculture diminue ce qui a pour consquence une perte dautonomie alimentaire. decant rsoudre ce would-be(prenominal) il a fallut aller chercher la matire premire toujours un peu plus loin.A la fin du XXe sicle rien na chang. Avec la mondialisation, ce phnomne na cess daugmenter et lagriculture souffre dune mauvaise image.Le discours a donc totalement chang. Les paysages agricoles ne sont plus imagins, comme au 19e sicle, pouvant faire partie de la ville. La nature nest plus conue comme un lment de paysage urbain quon essaie dintgrer la ville mais un paysage de campagne que lon cherche retrouver lorsque le stress de la ville se fait sentir.Dans les annes 80, la ville souffre de mauvaise rputation. Le manque de logements de qualit, laugmentation de la criminalit ont pour effet de faire fuir les classes sociales les plus aises et les entreprises vers la priphrie.Ces dernires annes le phnomne sest renforc, un changement de mentalit, une prise de conscience environnementale, encourage de plus en plus durbains fuir le stress des villes pour sinstaller la campagne. La campagne est vue comme un produit.1.2. Etat actuel du monde rural Lurbanisation continue des villes daujourdhui grignote chaque jour un peu plus les terres cultivables. Photo de lurbanisation grignotant les terres cultivablesLaugmentation du prix des terrains constructibles nencourage pas le maintient des activits agricoles et rend lagriculture priurbaine extrmement fragile. De plus, la cohabitation entre agriculteurs et citadins installs en milieu rural devient de plus en plus source de conflits.En effet, la venue de nouvelles hab itations sur lespace rural la rurbanisation se traduit souvent par limplantation de maisons dissmines au milieu de parcelles cultives. Ce phnomne conduit rapidement lexplosion des terres cultivables, car pour permettre la mcanisation, les parcelles ne doivent pas tre trop petites. Une fois divises, les parcelles encore en culture, nont plus quune vocation, devenir des champs de lgumes ou des ppinires o se multiplie les serres agricoles.La rurbanisation met donc les agriculteurs des zones priurbaines face un choix vendre leurs terres aux nouveaux arrivants ou cesser leurs activits dlevage de bovin pour ne faire que de larboriculture, horticulture ou encore de la take de lait, de volailles ou dufs.Face au vieillissement et lexode, lespace paysan est menac. Des tensions mergent entre rurbains, citadins ne participant pas la vie paysanne, et les paysans locaux. Les no-ruraux les plus aiss se portent acqureurs ds la mise en vente du moindre btiment dans lespace rural.Ce qui, lorigi ne, est un espace de travail napparait plus que comme un espace de loisir.Ce phnomne se retrouve dans l corps de ballet des zones rurales proches de grandes agglomrations.Prisonnier dun cell naturel forg depuis des gnrations, le monde paysan appartient dornavant au paysage, celui-l mme que le touriste citadin achte. ( Bernard DEZERT- les mutations sociales dans lagriculture urbaine)Le fait davoir dvaloris lagriculture en la considrant comme un vide, un espace de non-ville contribu son riddance (de la ville et de notre socit). Il est maintenant indispensable de pens lagriculture comme un lment constitutif de la ville. bombard ce faire il faut repenser sa forme mme.Lune des formes considrant la ville comme un ensemble despaces bti et non bti est la ville archipel nous allons donc nous intresser la faon dont elle amnage le territoire. Mais avant a que signifie le terme de ville archipel ?2. La ville archipel un amnagement territorial 2.1. Le concept de ville archipel.La ville arc hipel pose la question de la forme des relations entre lurbanisation et les espaces de nature. Cette question semble tre une question de paysage puisquelle parle des relations entre les espaces, mais cest avant tout une question damnagement du territoire. Une question dchelle dintervention entre le dveloppement urbain et la protection des milieux ainsi que les relations entre eux.La ville archipel est une forme urbaine sure-footed de conjuguer ville et nature. Pour comprendre ce concept de ville archipel il faut inverser notre faon de dfinir la ville. Il faut considrer la ville comme un ensemble de centralits intercommunale, avec des espaces bti (habitat individuel, collectif ou activit) et des espaces non bti (naturels, agricoles et forestiers).Ces deux types despaces sont articuls entre eux pour sadapt au fonctionnement de ce nouveau territoire en conjuguant facilit de dplacement et proximit dun cadre de vie agrable dont aspire une majorit de la population.Dans cette logique comm e le dit Bertrand FOLLEA Le village est lagglomration intercommunale ce que le quartier est la ville.Lespace agricole ou naturel fait lui aussi parti intgrante de la ville, cest lui qui structure lagglomration. Il a une fonction serte conomique (de production), cologique (biodiversit, gestion hydraulique), mais aussi une fonction sociale (paysage, lieu de dtente, circulation douce).La ville archipel pourrait tre caractrise par des les bti denses relies entre elles par des espaces de natures ou agricoles entretenu avec une fonction conomique et sociale.2.2. La gestion de la nature dans la ville archipel 3. Lexemple de larchipel rennaise 3.1. Rennes Capital de la Bretagne.3.2. Rennes un espace urbain agricoleLa mise en place du schma directeur du district de Rennes, labor par un paysagiste et par lagence durbanisme local (Audiar)1 est considre comme lune des expriences les plus intressantes des annes 90. Elle a valeur dexemple dans lamnagement franais en raison de la prservation des territoires agricoles et coules verte entre les bourgs qui se densifient pour crer des ples secondaires.La question du paysage joue un rle moteur dans llaboration de ce schma directeur.Il a conduit au changement de perception de certain acteur sur leurs territoires.La ville de Rennes na pas toujours tait qualifi de ville archipel, ce nest quen 2004 que cette rumination voit le jour. Isabelle Grudet dmontre dans son article Le modle territorial rennais lpreuve de ses images, limportance des images verbales utilises pour dcrire la ville.Avant 2004 lexpression de ceinture verte est couramment utilise notamment dans Projet urbain 20152. Ce terme laisse entendre que la ville de Rennes est entoure dun espace vert. Or cet espace nest pas vritablement lisible. Cette expression est dailleurs utilise en association avec le terme danneau et de rocade, le vert et les routes ont fonction de limite et de lien entre les espaces de diffrentes dimensions.Carte de synthse paysagre / schma direc teur de 1994En comparent deux images iconique, la vue de synthse dun paysagiste et la carte du schma directeur de 1994 on remarque un loignement de la ville classique que la ceinture verte marqu par la rocade servait maintenir lintrieur de mur virtuels, et que la ville archipel a fait exploser. On ex de la ceinture verte reprsent par la rocade et un rseau routier qui relie les bourgs la ville kernel a une image de ville territoire o les diffrents espaces btis sont relis entre eux par les lments constitutifs du paysage.Dans la reprsentation paysagre du modle rennais propos par le paysagiste, la hirarchie entre ville et campagne disparait. Lespace non bti est dcompos en plusieurs couleurs, le bti reprsent en blanc sestompe, ce territoire o bourgs et snapper ville semblaient tre reli par de simple routes raccordes une rocade, semble maintenant clat sur un territoire indfini dont une campagne dsormais complexe vient crer du lien grce aux rivires, parcs et autres lment du paysage . Lide de ceinture verte a disparue.Cette espace non bti, agricole fait lobjet dune discussion entre paysagiste et lus sur le concept des isolement paysage terme apparaissant dans le schma directeur de 1994.Retranscription de cette discussion,Tire des cahiers de LAUA n11 p.105Paysagiste Nous proposons de nouveaux termes pour remplacer des terme qui nous semblent rducteurs. Nous proposons de remplacer isolement paysage par espace agricole de ventilating systemElu (Vice prsident de Rennes Mtropole dlgu lenvironnement et aux rserves foncire) Ce sont les espaces irrductibles. Le Saint Emilion de Rennes. Mais pour ce terme de respiration je me demande sil ne risque pas dtre mal peru. Il semble indiquer que lon ne respire pas dans Rennes-centre.Paysagiste Cest intressantElu Les espace agricoles, ce sont aussi des gens. Les agriculteurs ne sont pas seulement l pour faire respirer les gensPaysagiste Cest un concept fort. Le travail a t guid par lide de polycentrisme. Ce systme est vo lontariste, il faut des concepts forts pour contrer les processus spontans. Lexpression isolements paysage nest pas positive.Elu Je suis daccord pour enlever isolement paysage mais lagriculture, je prfre espace agricole de constructionPaysagiste Oui, il faut rflchir sur ce thme.Elu (vice-prsident de Rennes Mtropole dlgu aux formes urbaines) Remplacer isolement paysage par espace de respiration est une bonne ide, mais il faut la revoirElu Cest bien, on est arriv hirarchiser les choses Mais il y a quand mme ce truc de la respiration Moi, je dirais simplement agriculture priurbaine.Paysagiste Oui, mais quoi renvoie le terme de priurbainElu (Vice prsident de Rennes Mtropole dlgu lenvironnement et aux rserves foncire) Et pourquoi pas espace agricole urbain. Cela permet de ne pas faire apparatre les agriculteurs comme les derniers des MohicansLexpression vient dapparatre. Elle sera lgrement modifie par un lu, pour donne le terme final despace urbain agricole. Selon un lu ce terme a la capacit de crer un choc, aussi bien chez les agriculteurs que chez les urbains, qui pourrait pousser laction.En effet cette espace agricole urbain participe lconomie et lattractivit du Pays de Rennes. Il est entretenu par 1400 exploitations agricoles qui mettent en valeur 63 000 ha de surfaces agricoles.En choisissant le terme de ville archipel les lus ont fait le choix dun amnagement du territoire qui laisse une large place lespace agricole et naturel entre les diffrents ples durbanisations. Cette gestion du territoire, qui place lagriculture au cur de la ville, approuv et confort par le SCoT permet damliorer le cadre de vie des habitants avec la prsence dune campagne bocagre proximit, travaille par lagriculture. Mais la proximit de la ville et de lespace agricole ajoute des contraintes qui peuvent fragiliser leur quilibre conomique, laugmentation du foncier produit par une ville dynamique, la cohabitation conflictuel entre citadin et agriculteurs et les dplacements diffi ciles En revanche cette proximit de la ville permet lagriculture de se diversifier en fournissant un march local et en proposant des work. En considrant comme ville lespace bti et lespace non-bti, les lus se doivent de travaills en troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs, afin doffrir un meilleur cadre de vie permettant le dveloppement de cette conomie.Dans cette optique, lassociation partenariale entre agglomration et la chambre dagriculture a permis la cration de lassociation Terre en ville o schange les expriences sur les espaces agricoles priurbains franais.3.3. Le course of study local de lagriculture, pour une agriculture en cur darchipel. En 2008, un accord-cadre est pass entre la chambre dagriculture, la SAFER Bretagne, Rennes Mtropole et le Pays de Rennes pour coordonner les actions et dfinir les conditions de leur mise en uvre.Le programme local de lagriculture soumet cinq thmes de travail Echanger autour dun observatoire de lagriculture. Concilier urbanisme, fonc ier et agriculture Confort le bocage dans ses multiples rles Sadapter au nouveau contexte nergtique et climatique Renfoncer les liens entre les citadins et les agriculteurs. La mise en place dun observatoire de lagriculture du Pays de Rennes, qui publiera un publicise chaque anne a pour rle de faire partager une vision actualise de la dynamique agricole du territoire entre les diffrents acteurs agricoles et territoriaux. Les thmes traits par le programme local de lAgriculture sont foncier et urbanisme, environnement, lien citadins-agriculture. Pour que la ville archipel fonctionne, il faut que lactivit agricole soit forte. Des actions foncires sont misent en place pour maintenir cette activit et permettre une meilleur lisibilit de lespace rserv lagriculture dans les projets urbains.En 2005 la SAFER Bretagne et Rennes Mtropole passent une convention visant une politique danticipation foncire et de exquisite des terres de compensation pour les exploitants agricoles dont les te rres sont rcupres par les projets urbains.Grace ces compensations il est possible de regrouper les parcelles autour des btiments agricoles, se qui amliore les performances conomique et nergtique des exploitations, en limitant les dplacements dengin, en rationnalisant les systmes de fourrageLagriculture doit tre trait dans les PLU comme une priorit car cest elle qui structure lespace communal. Des rflexions sur la prise en compte de lagriculture dans les PLU ont taient engages, elles dboucheront sur la mise en place de nouvelles mthodes et la rdaction de recommandations lattention des municipalits, des techniciens et urbanistes ainsi que des acteurs agricoles.La proximit de la ville et des activits agricoles pose quelques problmes, notamment pour des questions de dplacements, lagriculture provoque des dplacements de matire et dengins agricole qui on du mal cohabiter avec la circulation urbaine. Les plans communaux de dplacement des PLU ont en charge didentifier les secteurs o le d placement dengin agricole est le plus problmatique. Ce qui permet aux communes dintgrer dans leurs projets des solutions ou des alternatives. Le paysage rennais se caractrise par la prsence de bocages. Si ces lment du paysage font dsormais partie du patrimoine paysag de la rgion, leurs rles est multiples. Ils permettent la rgulation des eaux, prservent la biodiversit, offre de lombre pour les troupeaux, ont un rle agronomique et peuvent tre peru comme nergie renouvelable. De plus les cheminements largement accessibles offrent aux citadins des espaces de dtente la campagne, et permet ainsi de limiter le dmembrement des parcelles agricoles pour des zones de loisirs.Mais lentretient de ces haies revient essentiellement aux agriculteurs et les charges pour cette entretient deviennent de plus en plus lourdes du fait de lagrandissement des parcelles. Le programme local de lagriculture prose de redonn de la valeur conomique lentretient moderne du bocage. Afin de sadapter au nouveau conte xte nergtique et climatique, Rennes-Mtropole met en place son plan nergie-climat pour tudier les moyens de rduire la production de gaz effet de serre. En effet lagriculture et lagroalimentaire est extrmement consommatrice dnergies fossiles il est donc essentiel de rflchir des solutions pour limiter cette consommation, la mise en place dnergie renouvelable tel que la biomasse, lolien ou le solaire. De plus lentretient des haies bocagres peut permettre lmergence dune filire bois-nergie. Une filire en dveloppement dans la rgion tant chez les particuliers que pour les quipements publics. Lagriculture a la charge des espaces agricoles et naturels de la ville archipel. Se sont les agriculteurs qui faonnent lespace et le cadre de vie. Malgr limportance de lagriculture pour le dveloppement de la mtropole, les agriculteurs ne sont plus reconnus. Les citadins qui ont le dsir de cette campagne connaissent mal les activits agricoles daujourdhui. Ils ne peroivent que les aspects ngatifs de la duty et les gnes engendres. Mais il en va de mme pour les agriculteurs qui ne comprennent pas forcment les enjeux urbains. Pour que lagriculture soit vritablement intgre la ville il faut quelle soit comprise de tous et pour a un travail dinformation doit tre fait. Ce devoir dinformation doit se faire pour le grand public, mais aussi entre les diffrents acteurs (lus locaux, agriculteurs, techniciens)Pour faire pass le message au plus grand nombre, le Pays de Rennes lance un comuse o lon retrouve la mmoire rural du pays de Rennes, mais qui surtout pose les questions sur lvolution de lagriculture local contemporaine.Depuis dj quelque temps, le regain dintrt pour une agriculture seine, permet le dveloppement ou le redveloppement des circuits courts comme le march traditionnel mais aussi des mthodes plus innovantes tel la vente de panier, la cueillette la ferme ou encore les AMAP (association pour le maintient dune agriculture paysanne), la vente par internet Ces nouvelles filires per mettent de rapprocher lagriculteur du consommateur, mais aussi donne la possibilit aux agriculteurs de se diversifier en proposant de nouvelles activit comme laccueil la ferme, lagrotourisme, les fermes pdagogiques, mais aussi de propos des services comme lentretient des espace naturels ou des chemins de randonnes, et en collaboration avec la collectivit pour le co-compostage ou la gestion des boues dpuration.3.4. Les AMAPCarte des AMAP du pays de RennesVoila ce que prconis en 2008 le Programme local de lagriculture. Mais comment se sont traduites ces recommandations dans les projets urbains de la mtropole rennaise ? Afin dtudier cette question nous allons nous pencher sur deux projets raliss Rennes a savoir la ZAC de la Courouze et celle de Beauregard, ainsi que dans la ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-lande.4. Exemples de projets rennais 4.1. Saint-Jacques-de-la-LandeSaint-Jacques-de-la-Lande est une commune cinq kilomtres des premiers faubourgs de Rennes. Cest au centre de la comm une que se construit une nouvelle ville de 8 000 habitants. Un projet qui pourrait surprendre une poque o lextension des priphries se ralentie fortement. Cette ville a longtemps chappe lurbanisation du fait de la prsence sur son territoire de nombreuses installations militaires.Le maire, Daniel Delaveau a toujours fait preuve de dtermination pour mener son projet terme.Des les annes 70 il commence lacquisition forward-moving de tous les terrains du secteur. Durant 7 ans il se bat avec les services de lEtat et du dpartement pour que la route de Redon ( 2 fois 2 voies ) ne soit pas une voies expresse mais un boulevard urbain reliant un nouveau quartier.Il pose un point dhonneur la conservation du paysage qui fabrique sa ville, en souhaitant la prservation dun atout majeur du site, les prairies bocagres.En 1992 la ville lance un concours durbanisme pour le nouveau centre de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande. Il est remport par Jean-Pierre Pranlas-Descours en association avec les paysagist es Christophe Delmar et Anne-Sylvie Bruel. En 1994 le projet est formalis dans le plan directeur gnral qui fixe les principes urbains, paysags et architecturaux.Le paysage dans lequel simplante le nouveau centre ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande nest pas des plus remarquables, il ne possde pas vritablement dlments marquant le paysage. Une topographie douce, sans trop daccident, ni de dnivel. Et pourtant de toutes les communes environnantes cest elle qui a le mieux conserv sont hritage rural, des grandes tendues herbeuses en lgre pente, des haies bocagre pour dlimiter les anciennes proprits des lments peut perceptibles mais qui valorises peuvent permettre dancrer le nouveau quartier dans son territoire.4.2. La ZAC de la Courrouze 4.3. La ZAC Beauregard 5. Autres exemples 5.1. Lexemple de tableland de Saclay. 5.1.1- Historique du tableland de Saclay. Le plateau de Saclay a connu de nombreux changements au cours de son histoire. Avant le XVIIe sicle le plateau ntait quune great pla ine marcageuse. Ces marcages limitaient lagriculture une pratique traditionnelle et anarchique.A la fin du XVIIe sicle, les tangs infrieurs du plateau de Saclay ont servi une partie de lalimentation en eau du chteau de Versailles. Depuis cette poque les eaux pluviales du plateau sont draines en son centre dans un tang situ entre Saclay et Villeras. Suite ce rseau de drainage le plateau devient, un sicle plus tard, parmi les plus fertiles de la rgion parisienne et permet une agriculture plus intensive. On y produisait de lavoine, du seigle, de lorge et du bl sur une surface de mille trois cent cinquante hectares destin exclusivement au seul march parisien.Lagriculture sintensifient et se diversifient, elle se modernise jusqu devenir progressivement une agriculture dite scientifique. De plus en plus dorganismes de recherche agronomique sinstallent sur le plateau, elles aident les agriculteurs acqurir des connaissances et amliorer leur rendement.Mais limplantation sur le plateau d e Saclay de ces nombreux organismes acclre son urbanisation de faon exponentielle. Le plateau nest plus reconnu pour ses excellentes terres cultivables, mais devient lun des cinq premiers centres denvergure europenne frquent par plus de trente mille physiciens, chercheurs ou autres ingnieurs.Au cours du XXe sicle, le plateau de Saclay perd sa dimension paysagre et apparat comme une zone rurale sans grand intrt. Les auteurs de lpoque ny voient quune vaste tendu monotone et austre domine par une agriculture moderne et productive dpourvu de tout pittoresque. Depuis 1945, lotissements, installations industrielles, arodromes continuent stendre sur dexcellentes terres culture. Un des exemples les plus caractristiques est celui du Centre de recherche de Saclay on a sacrifi l des terres qui comptaient parmi les meilleures de la banlieue parisienne pour courter les dplacements de techniciens habitant Paris. (M. Phillipponneau)Le plateau de Saclay est dsormais caractris par son centre dtud e nuclaire, il devient le plateau de la matire grise, un haut lieu de la science franaise. Il est dsormais clbre pour ces quipements scientifiques de pointes. Jusqua la fin des annes soixante-dix ces quipements scientifique taient perues positivement par le grand public cette activit permis douvrir le plateau de Saclay sur lextrieur et le fit reconnaitre. Mais il tait essentiellement connu pour cette activit et son paysage tait peru comme un pa

Ways Music Brings Us Closer To Truth

ways Music Brings Us Closer To TruthThe quotation from Pablo Picasso said, invention is a dwell that brings us ne atomic number 18r to the legality. By art, Picasso recallt eachthing that was of a creative body-build painting, literature, symphony, dancing, etc. The way the formulate lie is cosmos utilize is non necessarily they way we would usu totallyy imply lying. Lie is utilize present instead of more like a way or path, or even substance that once weve been engulfed in we hatful see the truth for what it really is. Truth can be seen in a sympathetic way, its non necessarily the truth but a acknowledgement of something that we didnt sleep with about beforehand. The art form that I plan on utilize to validate Picassos quote is medicine. With symphony, you can be contend proximate to the truth through, perception, the words and words that atomic number 18 being used, with perception. Music, whether being Rap, Classical, or Rock all has a message hidden wit hin the words or slavishs that argon being used.There are servicemany another(prenominal) ways in which medicament brings us closer to the truth, regardless of what genre is used. If a person has honour sufficient had heartbreak, and choose to listen to love songs repeatedly perception begins to arise. For a girl, of occupation she faculty be in tears and while listening to the songs the sentiment of her past relationship will come up. exclusively it is feasible that by listening to the songs, and the words being said that she might come to the realization that there are other people out there and that the break-up might not have been as bad after all. For a male child, he might use music to help motivate him for a ample game that he is about to play in. The language being used could be seen as encouraging words that dispense with him to be brought up and well prepared for what is ahead of him. For anybody music can motivate, alter feelings or opinions on a matter, or help someone out in a moorage. Music can be seen as a sulphur conscience if wanted to be. Going back to the example of a boy being motivated before a big game, he is he listening to the song. Heart of a Champion by Nelly, the lyrics that are used in the chorusAint no way they can stop me now Nelly establish under ones skin Im on my way, I can feel my ring comingIts the line of business of a champion, pumpingDeep inside my veins, too much pride to be runningIma get what I can and more, even ifMy blood, my sweat, and my tears dont mean nothingIts the heart of a champion (its the heart of me)(Its the heart of a..) in me. (http//www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/nelly/heartofachampion.html) These lyrics can be seem genuinely motivational and almost analogous to his thoughts about the game that he is about to play in.There are many theories regarding when and where music originated. Many agree that music began even before man existed. Historiographers point out that there are six blockages of music and each period has a sliceicular style of music that greatly contributed to what music is today (http//musiced.about.com/od/beginnersguide/a/intro.htm) The six periods of music take on Medieval/Middle ages, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, romantic, 20th century. Music during the middle Ages is characterized by the germ of musical notation as well as polyphony, there were deuce general types of music styles the monophonic and the polyphonic. Renaissance means rebirth and in music this period brought about many changes in the way music was created and perceive. The word baroque comes from the Italian word barocco which means bizarre. The Baroque period was a time when composers experimented with form, styles and instruments. This period saw the development of opera and instrumental music. The music of the Classical period, which spans from 1750 to 1820, is characterized by simpler melodies and forms such as the sonatas. The piano was doubtlessly the primary instrument used by composers during the Classical period. Historiographers define the Romantic Music period from the 1800 to 1900. It is characterized by using music to tell a tier or express an idea, and the use of various instruments including pinch instruments. Melodies are fuller and more dramatic. Music during the 20th century brought about many innovations on how music was performed and appreciated. Artists were more willing to experiment on juvenile music forms and used technology to enhance their compositions. (http//musiced.about.com/od/beginnersguide/a/intro.htm)Lyrics were truly poetry that is written by a person who has been through a situation and felt the need to write about it. The artist, or songwriter can been see as the person who is setting up the lie to help others come closer to the truth. If the writer has been through a threatening time, the music he or she is producing helps those that are listening to realize that everyone is human beings and we have all been t hrough it. Music can also sometimes be seen as therapeutic, or your own personal therapist. With these kinds of lyrics, they can be seem as almost autobiographic, a prime example for autobiographical lyrics is Grandpa by Of Montreal. The lyrics in Grandpa are describing what an older man who is obviously a grandfather, does in his daily life. (http//www.metrolyrics.com/the-autobiographical-grandpa-lyrics-of-montreal.html) Lyrics can be appeasement and help achieve smoothing flows and words that are encouraging, sometimes that is all a person needs to tranquilize down or to perceive something correctly. But what happens when some music doesnt have words but just unclouded instruments how does a person unagitated become motivated or come to a realization with just pure music?Classical music does not use words, but instead uses instruments to get its point across. How is it possible that with no words, someone can become nearer to the truth? This is where in WOK emotion and percept ion comes in. If the tempo in the song is very refrain and low, it could make the person realize how angry they are about something, as to where if the tempo is slow and not has low they can begin to calm down. Though the speed and melody that comes from definitive music, it can change someones emotion after listening to it. If a person is distraught or very upset, they can listen to a song have their mood at present altered. This type of music can even help them realize that the situation they are in is not as dire as they perceived it to be. If someone was going into an art museum, and Mozart was playing while people were backwash the art, some would say that it was very calming and allowed them to under arise the art being viewed even better. This example shows, that music with or without words can still alter a persons feelings toward something or someone. There is a chance that with the classical music being played, that it could irritate and become very disruptive to a per son in a art gallery. Maybe this person cannot stand classical music, or just likes the idea of absorbing the art without any noise being made in the back. Yes, it is easily seen how music can alter a persons feelings toward something, but it doesnt determine whether that alteration is negatively or positive. ace genre of music, that may not fully validate Picassos statement, is Rapping. non of all but most of the knockers talk about all the money, women, and cars that they have. One of the well known rappers of today that go against this statement is Lupe Fiasco. Thus there is still a big issue with a lot of offspring men who listen to this type of music, because they believe this is the life and that that is actually how the rappers live. well-nigh rappers who actually do all that talking about all the tweet they have, are not plowing of truth. This is where the statement can be seen as invalid. The rapper is telling a lie but he is not bringing the persons listening to him closer to the truth but deeper in non-realistic world. On the contrary, there are some rappers who do live the life they speak of, and someones non-realistic world could be another mans real reality. However, not ever rapper speaks of lies some tell stories that could be seen as almost fables during their songs. With the reference to fables I mean that the songs could be seen as stories that have a hidden story within it. Therefore, not every rapper should be seen in a negative light.Gil Scott-Heron (born April 1, 1949) is an American poet, musician, and author known primarily for his late sixties and early 1970s work as a spoken word soul performer and his collaborative work with musician Brian capital of Mississippi. His collaborative efforts with Jackson featured a musical fusion of jazz, blues and soul music, as well as lyrical content concerning social and political issues of the time, delivered in both rapping and melismatic vocal styles by Scott-Heron. The music of these alb ums, most notably Pieces of a Man and Winter in America in the early 1970s, influenced and helped become later African-American music genres such as hip hops and neo soul. Scott-Herons recording work is often associated with black militant activism and has authentic much critical acclaim for one of his most well-known compositions The conversion Will Not Be Televised. On his influence, Allmusic wrote Scott-Herons unique proto-rap style influenced a generation of hip-hop artists. (http//gilscottheron.net/about/)Music is a big part of my life I listen to it more than I watch the television. It allows me to get more focus it motivates me, and allows me to realize things that I would not have been able to on my own. I listen to all genres but my personal pet is RnB. With RnB the music isnt too fast or too slow, and the messages that are ordinarily being portrayed go along with real life situations, and pronto help me to recover some of the truths that I need about life.Art is a li e that brings us nearer to the truth. Music is an art which is a lie that brings us nearer to the truth, by stating that in my opinion I believe that music is one of the biggest art forms that helps bring people closer to the truth. Music alters peoples opinions and feelings towards things and replaces them with those of the words they heard in the song. Music is everywhere. Even when you await in an elevator there is music, allowing the ride to be smoothing and relaxing. Music is in the dentist and doctors office while youre waiting so you dont become so antsy. Just while walking in a grocery chisel in if you listen, you will hear music being played while you are grabbing for that box of cereal. Music surrounds us. Music is in nature, the birds singing, the wind blowing, the sun shine-would allow a person to have a good day, as to where if the birds werent singing, the wind was blowing harshly and the sun behind clouds due to the fact of rain the emotion you would feel would diff er. Music brings us nearer to the truth everyday without us even knowing it. Music tries to do its job but its up to us and how we interpret it whether or not the job was done correctly.

Consequences of Nick Carraway as Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The

The Importance of Nick Carraway as Narrator of The corking Gatsby In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald critiques the disillusionment of the American Dream by contrasting the rot of those who adopt a superficial lifestyle with the honesty of Nick Carraway. As Carraway familiarizes himself with the lives of Tom and Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker and Jay Gatsby, he realizes the false seductiveness of the New York lifestyle and regains view for the Midwest he left behind. Fitzgerald needs an objective narrator to verbalise and prove this criticism, and uses Carraway not only as the point of view reference work, alone in addition as a counter example to the immorality and imposition Carraway finds in New York (Bewley 31). Fitzgerald must construct this narrator as reliable. payable to the nature of the novel, the ref would not believe the story if it were told from the perspective of each other character. Fitzgerald cannot expect the reader to believe what the immoral and careless c haracters drive home to say, and he spends so much time establishing them as such. Thus, Carraway is deemed narrator and the reader trusts him. As the practical character in the novel, Carraway is not rash he is not swayed by the greed and alcohol as some other members of East and West Egg society are. He proclaims, I bind been drunk just twice in my life (Fitzgerald 33). Fitzgerald constructs Carraway as a follower, not a man of action. He observes Gatsbys parties, never seriousy experiencing them. He observes the moment before the kiss between the starlet and her director, although Fitzgerald never details the animalism of his relationship with Baker. He observes the affair between Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, solely he never confronts Tom Buchanan, nor does he e... ...y to tell the story, but also to critique the mass disillusionment with the American Dream. Carraways honesty makes him ideal to gift all that the Buchanans lack and legitimizes his admiration of Gatsby. No reader would consider the full impact of Fitzgeralds themes had less attention been given to the creation and execution of the character of Carraway. Works Cited and Consulted Bewley, Marius. Scott Fizgeralds Criticism of America. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1983. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Hobsbawm, Eric. The board of Extremes. New York Pantheon, 1994. Raleigh, John Henry. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Trilling 99-103. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston Hall, 1984. 13-20.

The Use of Helicopters for the Primary Purpose of Air Ambulances in Wor

macrocosmIn this paper we will discuss the first documented exercise of helicopters for the primary purpose of Air Ambulances in World War II. During 1943, the unify States, British Commonwealth and the Chinese faced the armies of Japan, Thailand and Indian National Army. The Burmese Independent Army started off on the Japanese side, but later(prenominal) switched sides fighting with the completelyied forces. Under the control of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the United States make a decision to support the Chinese during the war with aircraft.1 With Japan irresponsible much of the Chinese territory, the main impart route for the Chinese was thru the Burma Road. This supply route was essential to operations in the area shaped a restructure for the commission supplies would be delivered to soldiers fighting and patients being able to know the urgent charge they extremely needed. The only tenacious and expeditious way to do all of this would be through the use of aircraf t flying a supply route known as the go to sleep.2 HistoryCommanders from all units across the world have thought about how to take take of their troops in times of war. Maybe one of the most to a great extent weighed thoughts is how much risk I am willing to take if I cant provide my men immediate medical care at the time when they most need it. Dated back as far as 1866, the idea of an Air Ambulance has been on the minds of certain individuals across the world. Paris, France first used the hot air balloons in order to vitiate more than 160 soldiers from the besieged city to medical care facilities.3 In the beginning, using a hot air balloon to rescue shipwrecked sailors seemed logical since the balloons where already delivering mail and supplies across the area of operations. This action dire... ...pter Evacuation, http//olive-drab.com/od_medical_evac_helio_ww2.php Ed Holmes, medical evacuation Flight in WWII, http//www.helis.com/stories/burma45.php History of Air Ambula nce and MEDEVAC, Mercy Flight, http//www.mercyflight.org/content/pages/ medevacMap Of Burma, BBC, Animated Map The Burma Campaign, http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/wwtwo_map_burma/index_embed.shtmlMark W. Bielauskas, Imphal, The Hump and Beyond, http//www.comcar.org/Air%20Commando%20Group/1st_air_commando_group_beginings.htmPeter Dorland and James Nanney, DUST OFF Army aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam, CMH Publisher, 90-28-1, page 9U.S. Army Medical Department, phone Sign DUSTOFF Chapter 1 http//www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/other_pub/dustoff/Dustoffch1.pdfWorld War 2 Burma, History Channel, http//www.history.co.uk/explore-history/ww2/burma.html

War Poem about Leaving Love :: essays research papers

Leaving LoveMy love is pleading with me tell me not to leave herI fucking feel her agony recondite inside myself tooShe is on her knees beggingOur bond of love is strong, I feel terrible to leave herBut I then departed, I gave her my heartThen my journey to the army I startedIn readiness instantlyPreparing for a war That will soon be upon usIn which my head shall bowFor my country or moreFor months now working Training in long, hard sessions Of eery hour, and every solar dayCountless soldiers scream in depressionThey want to be tolerate home.And when I lay on those small, hard bedsDeep in the common cold of the harsh, metal frameAnd wrapped in nothing but a thin, cotton sheetI lay and try to forget my nuisanceOn my body and in my heart.Don?t Fall spurHolding the lines In deep, dark, snowy trenchesPlague infests us all and the comprehend of the defunct stings my nose when I parcel out in a breath.As I savage the other people downI take their lives for my ownAnd when I lo ok up above the trench to shoot againAll I chew the fat is pinpricks of lightThey look at me with the knowledge of a thousand starsAnd they stare into my innermost soul, where it is darkThey see my soul shrinking, like the waning of the winter moonMy heart can feel it tooIt feels as though it is being wrapped up tightlyWrapped in the bloodstained snow around meBeauty, which is a lie, a lie of the glowing lightA light, which is truly deadA light whose sparkling beams are knives stabbing into my heart cold fingers reach out to my soulThe fingers of life and deathSent by the moonWith the icy fingers, those brilliant beams and the moonThey each send an ever sparkling, iridescent light to show dark patterns in the snow Am I to live?I care not, as long as I have my one loveLost in repositingI am now free from warFree from the deathsThat sink right next to meForever waiting for disasterThis obsession is course my lifeI am drowning in my own sorrow and paroxysmI look at the stars somet imesFor hours on end, I hold them, I reminisce the war

Leadership In Ancient Civilizations Essay -- essays research papers

During the full stop of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, different loss leaders exhibited different panaches of leaders and employed different policy-making strategies. In addition, these leaders came to power and kept up(p) their control in their own unique ways. Each leader seemed to bring forth his own agenda, which set the tone for that era. Five prominent leaders of this date period were Agricola, Augustus, Julius Caesar, and the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. The point to be made with respect to these particular work force is related to the obvious correlation between the nature of a leaders agenda and the impact of his reign. In the end, a rulers fate was dependent not on his agenda, but on style and strategy with which he pushed his agenda. Those leaders whose methods were completely altruistic were heralded as great leaders, while those with devious and/or unethical methods of pushing their agendas were hurriedly assassinated.First consider Tiberius G racchus. It is imperative to analyze his style of leadership and his political strategies. During his term as tribune, Tiberius major goal was to pass a province reform bill. This bill was biased toward the masses. Tiberius tried fairly and squarely to light upon the support of the Roman senate, but this effort was to no avail. Tiberius thus resorted to negative tactics when he impeached another tribune, Octavius, the major opponent of Tiberius bill. Thus Tiberius volitionally destroyed the long-held and quite favored notion of an immune tribune. However, this is what the common bully deal wanted. Tiberius big sneak was blatantly opposing, thus disrespecting the Roman senate. As a result, the senate assassinated Tiberius. The lesson to be learned here is not that Tiberius agenda was constructed turn up of self-interest or greed. Tiberius simply wanted to help the common people. However, Tiberius methods were not proper for that time in that place. And it is probable that Ti berius could easily form been persuaded to compromise. Thus, Tiberius autumn was not his agenda, but his style and political strategy.A different instance of the same principle is summed up with the story of Tiberius younger brother, Gaius Gracchus. Gaius worked not to gentle the senate, but to appease the people. Although this seems quite noble of him, it was still a mistake to oppose the senate. Granted, this notion is counter-intuitive. One wo... ...in accordance with the main point we have been discussing, he did so with a particular style and political strategy, so as not to offset social order. He ruled very(prenominal) subtly. He saw to it that he got what he wanted, yet he did so with such caution that it was disguised as interest in providing for the good of the citizens. Therefore, Augustus reign supports the theory that a ruler can drive a selfish agenda, yet as long as the style and political strategy of the leader in question is favored by the people, then the lea der can still be considered a good ruler.Therefore, upon considering the lives of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar, Agricola, and Augustus Caesar, it is construct that people in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire considered a leaders particular actions more that his agenda when deciding whether or not a leader is worthy of being called great or being assassinated. Obviously, a leaders agenda and accomplishments are key factors, but we have seen with these five particular leaders that sometimes accomplishments do not matter. What matters greatly are the steps taken by a leader to obtain goals or satisfy certain needs.

Donaldsons Beowulf Essay -- Donaldson Beowulf Essays

Donaldsons BeowulfFate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good-Beowulf (Donaldson, 12) The passing game that I analyzed spans the action when Beowulf returns to the h every last(predicate)s of Heorot after a harsh date with Grendels mother. He returns to king Hrothgar in the great hall of Heorot to put that he has successfully completed his boast and killed Grendels mother. Beowulf states that it has been a precise difficult underwater battle and that he has b arely escaped with his life, The force would have been ended straightway if God had not guarded me (Donaldson, 29). Beowulf mentions this call commensurate to the fact that the sword given to him by Unferth, called Hrunting, was powerless against Grendels Mother. Hrunting is unuseable against Grendels mother due to the fact that she has the same charm upon her as Grendel did, which is that no normal sword can pierce her skin. Then, by chance, Beowulf finds an antiquated sword on a wall during th e battle and uses it against the monster. This sword, which was crafted by the giants, is able to pierce the monsters skin and after one swing, the monster was cut in half. After using this ancient sword to murder the monster, Beowulf watches the blade of the sword melt away due to the toxicity of the monsters blood, until only the hilt was left. A hilt is the treat of a weapon or tool. The hilt is decorated with runic symbols and was given to queer Hrothgar of the Danes as proof of Beowulfs exploits. The King is also given the calve head of Grendel as further reassurance that their troubles at the great hall of Heorot is over.Hrothgar accordingly tells Beowulf, Lo, this may one say who works truth and right for the folk, recalls all things far distant, an old guardian of ... ...th for his murders. Beowulf, who is also responsible for the killing of Grendel, is killed as well. The dragon and the trolls, as well as Beowulf, are responsible for their actions. They are a ll killed He would repay Grendel for the many attacks he made on the West-Danes . . . devouring Danish (Donaldson 28). This is another example of wergild being applied. Wergild was a part of the warrior code. After the death of Aeschere, Hrothgars great advisor and friend, Beowulf says to his lord, Sorrow not, pert warrior. It is better to avenge his friend than much mourn (Donaldson 25). Beowulf was composed during the more or less noble of times and we enjoy it for what it is. The greatest treasure Beowulf has to offer us is the escape from our reality into our history. Work CitedDonaldson, E. Talbot. Beowulf. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York W.W. Norton & Co., 2002.

Inequality of Wealth and Income Distribution in America Essay -- essay

disparity of Wealth and Income dispersal in AmericaEvery American dreams of befalling a contemplate that pays well enough so that they may comfortably take superintend of their loved ones and themselves for years to come. Most Americans hope to find some itinerary to make a living that they enjoy, something that they view as productive. Unfortunately, many do not have this luxury. In our society, a good portion of the race is forced to hold the base of our country in place patch hardly being redeemed for their time and effort, and thus the problem of income inequality. poem of these people live from paycheck to paycheck, b argonly dejectting by, not because they consider their money poorly, but because the value of their time at usage is negligible. nearly may even sacrifice happiness at work to find a job that pays better simply because they cannot make ends meet at their current job. Some people sacrifice their sanity and eventually their life sentence just to keep from going under financially. Segregation in income diffusion is another cause of these problems, such as that with women or African-Americans who make less(prenominal) than other classes comparatively. In contrast, actors and actresses make millions in the entertainment industry, an industry that grosses hundreds of millions of dollars a year creating what adds up to be the same kind of entertainment most(prenominal) people could get out of watching their children play sports or maunder in a choir. The question then is how to find the value of work and time in our society and what should determine income. Positive reasons for income inequality are hard to find. One reason is the inducements there are to achieving higher placement of income. You are regarded as successful in the eyes of your peers, and if you financial security measure is achieved, your life can be a lot less stressful. It is the pursuit of these incentives, this kind of greed, which keeps the economy runni ng strongly. People work hard if they depart be rewarded for it, so they pursue a higher education to get better jobs, to create a business, and we all benefit from that. An article, The Truth around Income Inequality by John H. Hinderaker and Scott W. Johnson, which is based completely on statistics from the government, proves that income has not fallen for Americans. In fact, the distribution of income is no worse than it has ever been, and surely better than when the count... ... If everyone in this nation were aware of the influence that income inequality has on the peoples lives, many would be surp rotated and outraged. While the incentives and rewards of higher income are what fuels the economy, and what raises our exemplar of living, reaching that level of income has been troublesome in the past and seems to be getting worse. Income inequality has been on the rise since the 1960s, according to the graph of the Gini index, a statistical index of (in)equality. Those incentives of higher income are becoming scarce and costly, and many people think it isnt deserving the work to reach it. The larger the gap between the social classes, the much prominent social classification becomes, and the more we, as citizens and human beings, should be prepared to make a stand for the basic right of standard of living that was initiated by our independence.Works CitedThe Simple Truth about the sexual urge Pay Gap (Fall 2014)http//www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/John H. Hinderaker and Scott W. Johnson, The Truth About Income Inequalityhttp//www.americanexperiment.org/publications/reports/the-truth-about-income-inequality

Essay --

With the growing number of people supporting the legalisation of marijuana is it time to pass faithfulnesss and make unskilled aim legal, or do all faults outweigh the good? The debate on whether marijuana should be legalized is currently a controversial topic. Many people have expressed their guesss on the topic, supporting their reasons for whether they think marijuana should be legalized. For some states it was easier to finalise if the pros of legalizing marijuana outweighed the cons such as Colorado and Washington. These states have already legalized the recreational use of marijuana. marijuana is a fast-growing bushy plant with hard sticky f levels. It has been a part of our the Statesn culture for hundreds of years. It has been referred to as a poison, drug and narcotic. It is believed that marijuana was introduced by the Spanish in 1545 to Chile. In America the plant was first grown in Virginia and Massachusetts in the sixteen hundreds. It became a major comm ercial crop that was grown along with tobacco and was a source of fiber for fabric, rope and cloth. Later it was used to work on many health problems. During the 19th century many medical articles were compose discussing marijuanas value in treating conditions. The plant was considered legal from the 1600s until the 19th century. Marijuana became popular in the mid-19th century and was in near drugstores through the beginning of the 20th century. It was around this time that recreational use of marijuana was becoming acknowledged. Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. This is a federal law that made the self-denial or transfer of marijuana illegal throughout the United States. This law was the precursor to the crimina... ...ression, motivational syndrome, and even death. The brain damage has been shown to cause shop loss and difficulty in problem solving. In males, it will lower testosterone levels, lower sperm count, and may cause impotence. In females, marijuana may have some effects on pregnancy and can similarly cause birth defects. Legalization of marijuana could eventually lead to the legalization of harder drugs. Slowly progressing till it becomes possible for harder drugs to gain acceptance. Drugs like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, which many view now as unacceptable could eventually be up for legalization. both(prenominal) sides give legitimate reasons whether it was for or against the legalization and should be taken into consideration. In the end when all sides of the argument are considered, it is simply a enumerate of opinion on whether you think marijuana should be legalized.