Antibiotics may make Fighting Flu Harder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antibiotics may make Fighting Flu Harder - Essay Example This is a significant consideration as the study in the article explores elements of effectiveness as related to these antibiotics. Another prominent background consideration is the nature of ‘commensal’ bacteria. While generally bacteria in the human body contribute to illnesses such as the flue, studies have argued that commensal bacteria actually contribute to the body’s proper functioning (Saey 2011; "Commensal science," 2010). Indeed, it’s been argued that there are over 100 billion commensal bacteria in the body that contribute to digestion, acquiring of nutrients, and most notably encouraging the immune system to prevent the colonization of harmful bacterial pathogens ("Commensal science," 2010). While the common flue is generally not considered life threatening its existence among nearly all members of the human species makes it a significant area of investigation; in this way the article is highly relevant in terms of its area of focus. This articl e advances considerations in this field of investigation through investigating how antibiotics might kill some commensal bacteria that actually prevent the onset of the flue. Discussion of the Science There are a number of elements of the article that are relevant from a scientific perspective. As noted the study examined processes where commensal bacteria regulated immune system actions. More specifically, the study considered how commensal microbiota regulate immunity in the respiratory mucosa through the activation of inflammasomes. While previous research had established that commensal bacteria stopped the establishment of harmful bacterial pathogens in the gut, this research established that they may also contribute to preventing the colonization of these harmful pathogens in the digestive system. The study implemented specific experiments on mice. In this way the scientists treated the mice for a month with four antibiotics that are typically given to humans for bacterial infe ctions. The specific antibiotics administered were vancomycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and ampicillin. These antibiotics were administered orally in doses of 10, 11, 24, 26 mg, respectively. The mice were kept on this treatment program of antibiotics throughout the entire month long period. After treating the mice with these antibiotics, the mice were then infected with the flu. This flu combination was a 10 pfu sublethal dose of A/PR8 influenza virus. The researchers then observed and recorded the findings. In the observation process the Ig levels and T-cell responses were monitored and recorded. In these regards, the scientists identified that the antibiotics prevented the mice from creating interleukin-1 beta or IL-1 beta. Interleukin-1 beta has been understood to be an essential component that is used to combat influenza and other viruses. Additionally, the study demonstrated that both cytokine secretion and the frequency of the influenza virus specific CTLs were decreased. The se results were then cross compared with another part of the mice internal system. In this way the study immunized the mice with ovalbumin in complete Freud’s adjuvant in the footpad. This aspect of the study allowed the researchers to compare the immunodeficiency response in the lung with that in the gut. The researchers were then able to identify how eliminating commensal bacteria in one part of the rodent’

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Essay Psychology is a very young scientific field, yet it has achieved in such a short length of time immeasurable feats incomparable to only a few of the other scientific disciplines. One of its modern developments includes the establishment of an equally comprehensive sub-discipline: industrial and organizational psychology where the focus of study is the application of principles and concepts in psychology to the industries/workplace and all forms of organizations. The concept of organizational behavior is examined and studied in various contexts (Druckman et al, 1979). What is organizational behavior and how is it studied and applied? Organizational behavior is actually a complex and dynamic mechanism. It includes the application and integration of theoretical perspectives from the social and behavioral sciences to shed light on how and why individuals behave in a variety of ways in organizations. Included in the study are the ways the individuals carry out their tasks, the structure, design and operation of human persons in simple and complex organizational set-ups. It is defined as â€Å"the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations† (Mangelsdorff, 2007). This is accomplished utilizing the systems approach or systems model. The latter is meant as interpreting people and organizational relationships in reference to the whole individual, â€Å"whole group, whole organization, and whole social system† (Knoster et al. , 2000). The objective is developing improved and enhanced relationships by attaining individual aims, organizational goals and social aspirations (Mangelsdorff, 2007). Specifically, any student who pursues the study of the concepts involved in the matter will examine how individuals work in groups; acquire insights into human strengths and interpersonal relationships. Intertwined in the study is to delve into theories or principles of motivation of personnel, effective leadership with the goal of formulating a sound thinking and values of management and leadership. Moreover, organizational behavior investigates scientific data and utilizes a variety of research traditions to further understand how individuals work and function efficiently in diverse forms of structures (Shortell et al. , 2000) The concepts that are pursued by a typical student of organizational behavior include the following: the evolution and organizational and management theories; the rich historical background of management, organizational theories and the development of management thought, are adequately covered in this particular aspect (Robbins,1997). Referring to another dimension of the subject which is that of Individual Behavior and dynamics – the student explores individual performance, individual differences, focus on personality tests, the various motivational paradigms, reinforcement and rewards and, generational values, among others (Revans, 1987). Where group behavior is concerned, an enthusiast investigates and benefits from the study of organizational change strategies, group dynamics, work teams and communication, the nuances of conflict, negotiation and intergroup behavior, the workings of power and politics in organizations, leadership and theories dwelling on the subject and even military leadership (Mangelsdorff, 2007) Organizational behavior, when scrutinized closely, thus far covers a lot of topics. It embraces the understanding of structure, design of the organization itself. It also includes the study of the work design, policies and practices of the human resource, job design, and decision making as an organization. Furthermore, it also examines the organizational culture, its dynamics where change is aimed to be implemented (Revans, 1982) The elements of organizational behavior lean upon management’s plan and philosophy, vision and objectives. Basing on this foundation springs the organizational culture where the formal and informal types of organization and the social environment are best understood (Knoster et al. , 2000).

Oliver Twist :: essays research papers

Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist When you told us to read a book from the period which were we learning about I decided to read a book written by Charles Dickens because his works are not so complicated and are good for reading. You can find out some facts about the life in the 19th century. But Dickens wrote many books. So I decided to read Oliver Twist and I was satisfied. Setting: The main part of the novel take place in London especially in the poorer parts of the town in the 1830s. Theme: I think that it is about honest boy who is in the wrong gang. But after all he is not a criminal because ha has got a good heart. But that is what bring him many problems. But his honesty and kindness are the moral qualities which rescue him from the life of a thief. Main characters: Oliver Twist – is a young boy who is bought up as an orphan without parents. He lives in London. His moral qualities do not allow him to live as a criminal. After all troubles he find a group of kind people who gave him what he need – love and family. Mr. Brownlowe – is an old kind gentleman. He is an old friend of Oliver ´s father but nobody knows it. After all he adopted Oliver Nancy – is a young woman who lived with Sikes. She is the member of the gang but she is not a thief or a criminal. She helped Oliver more times. But she can not leave Sikes and that is her problem. Fagin – he is the â€Å"brain† of the gang. Everything what the boys stole is going to him. He is very sly and mean. He wants Oliver to be a thief. Monks – he is Oliver ´s brother. They have the same father but different mothers. He wants his money so he tried to do everything against him. Plot: Oliver Twist was born in a workhouse and his mother died a short while after. Oliver came to the world in very poor conditions. The only persons who were present were an old drunken nurse and a doctor who wasn ´t paid well to care. Oliver Twist was brought up in a special â€Å"baby farm† for orphans and poor. The only person who was carrying about these children was Mrs. Mann who kept the money ,which were for children, for herself. Oliver Twist :: essays research papers Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist When you told us to read a book from the period which were we learning about I decided to read a book written by Charles Dickens because his works are not so complicated and are good for reading. You can find out some facts about the life in the 19th century. But Dickens wrote many books. So I decided to read Oliver Twist and I was satisfied. Setting: The main part of the novel take place in London especially in the poorer parts of the town in the 1830s. Theme: I think that it is about honest boy who is in the wrong gang. But after all he is not a criminal because ha has got a good heart. But that is what bring him many problems. But his honesty and kindness are the moral qualities which rescue him from the life of a thief. Main characters: Oliver Twist – is a young boy who is bought up as an orphan without parents. He lives in London. His moral qualities do not allow him to live as a criminal. After all troubles he find a group of kind people who gave him what he need – love and family. Mr. Brownlowe – is an old kind gentleman. He is an old friend of Oliver ´s father but nobody knows it. After all he adopted Oliver Nancy – is a young woman who lived with Sikes. She is the member of the gang but she is not a thief or a criminal. She helped Oliver more times. But she can not leave Sikes and that is her problem. Fagin – he is the â€Å"brain† of the gang. Everything what the boys stole is going to him. He is very sly and mean. He wants Oliver to be a thief. Monks – he is Oliver ´s brother. They have the same father but different mothers. He wants his money so he tried to do everything against him. Plot: Oliver Twist was born in a workhouse and his mother died a short while after. Oliver came to the world in very poor conditions. The only persons who were present were an old drunken nurse and a doctor who wasn ´t paid well to care. Oliver Twist was brought up in a special â€Å"baby farm† for orphans and poor. The only person who was carrying about these children was Mrs. Mann who kept the money ,which were for children, for herself.

Nauru: The Gap Between Perception and Reality Essay -- Country Analysi

It would be easy to overlook the third smallest country in the world as a frivolous waste of time. Nothing could be further from the truth in regards to the island of Nauru. It is a multifarious nation described as almost a topographical micro slice of paradise. The Nauruan people have formed a democratic republic with a constitution safeguarding liberties and ensuring prosperity. At least this is according to the Nauru websites available to the public. Countries often present themselves as a glossy postcard picture on the outside. This picture does not always match the reality of what is on the inside. Looking at what the Nauruan Government and Tourist Organization have to say can serve as a baseline for comparison to the realities that Nauru is facing and the gap between the two. Nauru is a small island located only 26 miles south of the equator with a land mass of just over eight square miles. The government describes the island purely in topographical terms as â€Å"surrounded by a coral reef, exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles. The reef is bound seaward by deep water, and inside by a sandy beach. The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport †¦a 150–300 meter wide fertile coastal strip lies landward from the beach. Coral cliffs surround the central plateau. The only fertile areas are the narrow coastal belt† (Republic of Nauru [RON], 2012, p.1). The Nauru government is also very proud of their parliamentary democracy and much of their website explains not only the freedom but also compulsory voting at age twenty and above. Their constitution also touts the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms such as â€Å"life, liberty, security of the person, the enjoyment of property and th... ...all, D. (2009). Doomed Island: Nauru's short-sightedness and resulting decline are an urgent warning to the rest of the planet. Alternatives Journal, 35(1), 34-37. Nauru Tourism, Department of Economic Development.(2012). Unique Nauru. Retrieved on 27 May 2012 from: http://www.discovernauru.com/ Singh, S. (2007, Mar 28). South pacific: Island nations struggle with obesity epidemic. Global Information Network, pp. 1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/457564219?Accountid =38569 The Republic of Nauru.(2011). Republic of Nauru. Retrieved on 27 May 2012 from: http://www.naurugov.nr/index.html The Republic of Nauru.(2011). The constitution of Nauru. Retrieved on 27 May 2012 from: http://www.naurugov.nr/parliament/constitution.html U.S, Department of State Website(2012) Background Note: Nauru. Retrieved on 27 May 2012 from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16447.htm

Online Therapy Essay

Little by little the internet and technology are expanding to incorporate more aspects of our daily lives. The expansion is so vast, one can now do Just about anything online. On line advances has no doubt positively contributed to businesses, education, communication, and quality of life in general, but when does one draw the line? Healthcare is a very serious subject because it deals with people’s lives and well being. Potential problems that may arise from it are not monetary, like those involved with losing a Job or failing a school course, but deal with lives and people’s weakest and perhaps most uncontrollable side of life. Psychological disorders usually arise from events and sources not under the control of patients. Unlike purchasing the wrong stock at the wrong time or having an unsuccessful online business presentation, depression, addiction, phobias, and other psychological disorders are delicate matters that are not a result of bad decision making, however, much like every service the internet offers us, cyber psychology does have its advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages and Solutions: The first glaring disadvantage is the loss of essential elements with the lack of face to face interactions. The fact that psychology is the study of behavior, it is imperative for a therapist to get a grasp on the patients’ complete behavior, which includes, but is not limited to, facial movements and body movements, tone of voice, posture, and appearance. To fully understand a client, a therapist must be able to be privvy to this side of the individuals’ personality to accurately diagnose and ultimately heal a problem or disorder. One way to solve this disadvantage could be for the therapist to request an initial face-to-face assessment that can then be followed by online treatments of various sorts. This enhances the screening process and leaves no room for misinterpretation or misdiagnosis that can arise from lack of personal interaction. Also, for cases or procedures involving video conferencing and webcam interactions, it is crutial for websites to continue to improve the video quality to avoid missing any words or movements that may be crucial to analyzing behaviors. Maybe once video conferencing is perfected, it will increase the validity of such therapeutic media and allow it to replace the need for an initial in person interaction. A second concern involved with web therapy is security. We are surrounded by warning signs oncerning various web securities, including scams, hacks, and phishing sites. In the past, we have seen many cases serious enough to make it to the news to increase awareness and warn people of the seriousness of certain situations. It is almost possible for hackers to invade most sites and this compromises the privacy of patients’ personal and diagnostic information. Also, confirming the validity of particular sites may be hard on some people since scam sites go into extreme measures to mimic credible sites. The fact that most on-line therapies require payment in advance, may seem tempting for people who make a living from online camming. Another potential leak in privacy may unintentionally arise from the clients themselves; the use of public computers or implying improper security features and practices to ones personal computer. To counteract security problems, websites are constantly working on maintain security and privacy. It is important for releasing financial or personal and emotional information. Psychologists are required to practice therapy in state(s) of which they are licensed for practice. Cyber therapy offers ways to go around that law. A patient, for example, may claim different residence to receive treatment from a particular therapist of agency. Also, since the world wide web spreads, well, worldwide, there’s a chance that some of the sites are run internationally and this may give rise to cultural disconnect problems from misunderstanding situations, actions, and settings. Proper monitoring should be implemented on cyber therapy websites to avoid such breaches and complications. Advantages of Online Therapy: There are several advantages associates with online therapy. Time is something that seems to be becoming more scarce and harder to manage. Finding a service that can be molded around one’s schedule, convenience, or from the privacy of ones ome is important to many people in todays fast paced way of life. Online therapy also offers a geographic advantage for people living in rural areas or people with transportation limitations. In addition, people with physical disabilities may now have an easier method of behavior therapy that does not interfere with their health issues. Finally, a very crucial advantage is financial. Online therapy makes it cheaper and thus easier to receive mental health therapy. Because of the lack of an office or facilities, transportation expenses, and the availability of different program levels to hoose from, therapy became an attainable thing and a cry for help that was heard by cyber space. The options of sending an email or having a telephone therapy session gives many benefits with the elimination of extended time charges and various office visit associated expenses. Websites Offering Online Therapy: The Online Therapy Institute is a website designated primarily for therapist seeking to introduce online therapy as an option to their practice. It offers intensive information about how to set up an online therapy site and what the rules and regulations are and general guidelines to follow to provide proper therapeutic echniques. It also assists therapists in the initial stages and provides a reference for any upcoming issues. E-Therapists Online provides services for patients seeking online therapy via e- mail, private chats, and phone counseling. It provides clear instructions on how to begin therapy and also price guideline. Payment is due prior to therapy. For example, an e-mail session costs $39. 95 and 4 e-mail sessions cost $149. 00. Telephone or chats cost $95. 00 for 60 minutes and $623. 00 for 7 – 60 minute chats or calls. Headworks is another website similar to e-therapists online. In addition to the ervices that e-therapists online provides, they offer free self-help information and customized services. Conclusion: Online therapy definitely has its advantages, but it should also be handled carefully. Not all cases of mental health should be able to be treated via cyber psychotherapy because some are much more complicated and need in person therapy. Once this service is solidified, this service will be more ideal for people who are in need of minor therapy, interaction with people, behavioral help, and guidelines in life but are unable to do face-to-face therapy for geographical or financial constrains.

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays

Understanding Mental Health Problems Essays Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper Understanding Mental Health Problems Paper 1. 1 The nature of mental wellbeing and mental health is perceived in many different ways in turn causing conflict. Peoples views on the origin of mental health and the reasoning towards the conditioning of the illness creates many negative but yet also positive views. Negativity towards mental health is largely part of a lack of understanding and education towards the condition. It is believed that this may be due to the fact that mental illness is not a condition that an individual can see with the naked eye. It is a hidden condition and for some people, is hard to comprehend. Unfortunately, in some cases, there is an unnecessary stigma attached to individuals with mental health issues. However, these negative views do not help the suffering individual to deal with, recover, or grasp their own issues. Pessimistic views towards mental health can in some ways be perceived as discrimination. This in turn can have a negative effect on their recovery or management of their condition making the usual hurdles of life difficult to overcome. For example; difficulty with finding work,  relationship issues, managing day to day life and social inclusion is only naming a few. Offering help and support to sufferers of mental health issues can be the key to their recovery and/or management. Negativity towards the condition can more often than not cause an individual to succumb to the illness. On the flip side, the majority of individuals approach mental health positively and it is perceived by most with understanding and comprehension. Undertaking positive mental health strategies by the suffering individual can have a huge effect on the management of their illness. But also having positive individuals surrounding them and understanding their issues can produce an even bigger response in their recovery. Offering that support no matter how little can assist an individual in their own positive thinking and their journey to mange any hurdles to may have to cross. 1. 2 It is reported that 1 in 4 people suffer with some form of mental illness within the UK. The definition of the exact cause of mental illness is unknown. However, due to extensive research undertaken in this area, it largely became apparent that 1  Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to an individual’s mental wellbeing and mental health problems. In order to identify with the illness, knowledge of the causes of such is of importance. Biological factors Neurotransmitters are chemicals within the body that convey messages from one brain cell to another. In definition; they assist the nerve cells within the brain to communicate with each other. A dysfunction or lack of communication with the brains nerve cells may cause abnormal functioning with in the brain. This means that it may not work in the way in which it is designed to. The consequences of this can therefore origin symptoms of mental illness. Mental illness can in some cases also be hereditary. It is believed that this is due to a defect in the genes passed through family generations. It is not just one gene that defines mental illness; it would concern a combination of genes. However, it must be noted that in the case of these genes having been passed down, it does not mean that the individual with develop the illness. This could be triggered by a range of  factors for example; the way in which the genes combine and react and factors concerning biological, social, and psychological interactions. These are not the only biological factors that may influence mental health; defect to the brain, injury, pre natal damage, substance abuse, poor nutrition and infection may all have effect in the development of mental illness. Social factors Social factors can play a large part in the development of mental illness. This includes reasoning such as educational levels, social interactions, work pressures,  the communities in which the individual lives, their emotional support, relationships, their upbringing and even poverty. It is believed that this could be due to the level of the individual’s comprehension of circumstance. Social factors can present individuals with a level of vulnerability with regards to mental health issues. Psychological factors 2 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 Psychology relates to the mind and emotions and includes concern to the emotional wellbeing of an individual. The emotional state of an individual can, in some cases,  cause imbalance and trigger the causes of mental health issues. Factors of which may include; psychological trauma, the loss of a loved one, neglect, and the ability to relate. Most of which is believed to have effect on mental health when occurrence happens at a young age. 1. 3 As with all illness and general day to day life issues, mental health and wellness comes with each individual having varied levels of resilience. There are many types of risk factors and protective factors that can influence this level of resilience. This can affect the individual’s tendency to manage. Understanding each individual’s barriers can be a way forward in the assistance to overcome their issues. Risk factors increase the probability of issues occurring; they can create vulnerability in an individual and can heed their management and/or recovery. Risk factors can also worsen their mental wellbeing or mental health issues. Such factors can arise in many forms and can be biological or psychological. Influences of such factors may arise from parental control, relationships, working environments or school environments, outside influences such as media, and the community in which they  live. Feelings of inequality, discrimination and seclusion can all cause jeopardy in the recovery and management of mental health and wellbeing. Protective factors are characteristics in an individual that help them to deal with things in a more effective manner therefore eliminating occurrences creating factors of risk. Protective factors can be described as a safeguard of stress and can be drawn up in such situations. Individuals of inclusion, value, and support from their surrounding family, piers, and friends, are more empowered with the ability to  protect. This then connects with the importance of understanding mental wellness and mental illness. Assisting a suffering individual with the feeling of empowerment and assisting them to build up their protective factors will in turn help them on their road to recovery. 2. 1 3 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 There are various steps an individual can take to look after themselves and promote personal mental health and wellbeing. Steps researched and developed by the New Economics Foundation include; human connection, to be active, to take notice, to learn, and to give. There are wide views and extensive research available to collaborate with their findings which suggest that human interaction, in any form, may it be speaking to someone new, listening when people speak to you no matter of interest, listening to someone’s thoughts and feelings or even just giving a colleague a lift to work can divert and promote a person’s mood. This can in turn act as a stepping stone and assist as a protective factor in an individual suffering with mental health issues. Also, being active has been proven on many occasions to  lower rates of depression and anxiety which is in some cases a leading factor of mental health issues. Learning new things can promote pride and improve self esteem and self worth. Not only this but learning can be undertaken in activities therefore promoting social engagements. These are only a few examples further information can be found at www. mind. org. uk. 2. 2 Help and support from influences surrounding an individual with mental health issues can help them to aim positively and actively boost determination. Assistance in this way has proven to provide confidence in supporting personal mental wellbeing and  mental health. There are many ways in which you can help no matter the significance; the small things make the biggest differences. For example; show interest in the individual, listen to what they have to say and engage in conversation. Find out what theirs likes are, their strengths and weaknesses. Talk about their whole life, their family, their hobbies, places they like to go. Don’t just focus on the illness; the illness is not the person. Be alert and look out for signs of distress, ask them how they feel. Promote and undertake activities, or just offer help with small jobs. These  are only to name a few. Knowing that people care, knowing that people are looking through the illness and getting to know the real person can offer great support and promote self confidence. It is all about helping others to help themselves. 2. 3 Self help skills, to an individual with mental health issues, are the key to living an actively manageable lifestyle. The aim of encourage mental wellbeing and mental 4 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 health is to promote growth in the individual whilst aiming towards recovery and wellness. Developing a strategy to follow presents you with the tools needed to strive  forward and overcome any hurdles that may need to be crossed along the way. To elaborate on the meanings of this, WRAP will be used as example. WRAP is a wellness recovery plan developed by individuals with mental health and other various health issues. The way in which this was done was by identifying on a personal level what makes them feel ‘well’. This is then used as a wellness tool. The objective is to promote wellbeing, relieve symptoms and provide an individual with the means to overcome. Tools such as talking to a friend, focus exercises, sleeping,  writing, listening to music, looking through old pictures, making a list of accomplishments, and doing something for someone else, are amongst the list of the most commonly used tools. Having the tools there to assist with avoidance regarding triggers of mental issues is also a supporting factor. Having these tools to hand in a binder or in a box organised in a personal way to each individual is a key element to their success. Having a wellness tool box is not the only element to the success of mental health and wellbeing. Others include; a daily maintenance plan, identifying  triggers, action planning, identifying early warning signs and crisis planning. Having someone there to help create this action plan focusing on the points developed by WRAP gives encouragement and supports them to promote the health and wellbeing in a positive and manageable way. If you would like more information this can be found at www. mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap 2. 4 Describe key aspects of local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and mental health within a group or community. 2. 5 Evaluate a local, national or international strategy to promote mental wellbeing and  mental health within a group or community. References who. int/mental_health/en/ webmd. com/anxiety-panic/mental-health-causes-mental-illness 5 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 apa. org/monitor/2012/06/roots. aspx mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/basics/causes/con- 20033813 who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ http://healthtalkonline. org/peoples-experiences/mental-health/mental-health-ethnic- minority-carers-experiences/negative-attitudes-mental-health-problems mentalhealth. org. uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/S/stigma- discrimination/ foundationforpositivementalhealth. com/ http://knowledgex. camh. net/policy_health/mhpromotion/mhp_older_adults/Pages/ho w_mhp_different. aspx mind. org. uk/for-business/mental-health-at-work/taking-care-of- yourself/five-ways-to-wellbeing/ nhsconfed. org/Publications/Documents/Five_Ways_to_Wellbeing040711. pdf devonhealthandwellbeing. org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Devon- Mental-Health-Promotion-Strategy-2010-2013. pdf mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ mentalhealthrecovery. com/wrap/ 6 Sarah Goulding Health Social Care Level 3 View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT Epidemiology, Mental disorder, Mental health, Psychiatry, Psychology, Self-help groups for mental health RELATED DOCUMENTS mental health ? Practice outcome 1. Use basic mental health skills to reduce the distress associated with mental health problems an help promote recovery Objectives; Recognise signs of distress Communicate in a sensitive, non – judgemental person centred manner Facilitate engagement with appropriate service and or support Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder. It is 1873 Words | 4 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? This essay will demonstrate the relationships between mental health and social problems from both the social and medical point of view. Generally speaking mental illness is defined as, the psychological or mental state of an individual, who is functioning at a stable level in terms of behaviours and emotions. However the definition and ideology of mental health differs depending on which 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CT261 Understand Mental Health problems ? CU261P/CT261 Understand Mental Health problems 1. 1. 1 The main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD) classification system are as follows; Adjustment Disorder- A significantly more difficult adjustment to a life situation than would normally be expected considering the circumstances. For example; Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety and Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health problem   Comparison of Mental Health Problems between Undergraduate Students and Graduate Students Xinghang Lu University of Denver Last month, a girl who was only 20 committed suicide in my previous university in China. This girl used to live next to my dorm, and it was hard to believe such sad news happened around you. The reason why she committed suicide is that she had mental health 1873 Words | 7 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health ? Mental Health Mental health is a person’s psychological and emotional well-being. What kind of mental health I there? Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia Hallucinations Neurotic Psychotic Mental health break down Alzheimer’s Why is it important to recognise and value an individual with mental Health problems? You must talk 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Disorder and Mental Health Problems Unit CMH 302 Understand mental health problems Unit aim This unit aims to provide the learner with knowledge of the main forms of mental health problems according to the psychiatric classification system. Learners also consider the strengths and limitations of this model and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The focus of the unit is on 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT mental health act The Mental Health Act The mental health act is an act design to protect people with mental illness. It was originally written in 1983 and reformed in 2007. It sets out clear guidance for a health professional when a person may need to be taken into compulsorily detained in a hospital. This is known as sectioning. This helps carers who are unable to cope without help. People can be sectioned if the 1873 Words | 14 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Mental Health CITIZENS FOR MENTAL HEALTH BACKGROUNDER Mental Health SCOPE OF THE ISSUE Our mental health is affected by many factors including where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family. Positive mental health is a cornerstone of our overall well-being. Mentally healthy people are able to cope with 1873 Words | 3 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT CITE THIS DOCUMENT APA (2014, 12). Understanding Mental Health Problems. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 12, 2014, from studymode. com/essays/Understanding-Mental-Health-Problems-66353152. html MLA MLA 7 CHICAGO

How to Write a Top-Scoring ACT Essay

How to Write a Top-Scoring ACT Essay In the fall of 2015, the ACT underwent quite a bit of a change. The single prompt and response essay task of the past was  replaced by a single, somewhat controversial prompt with three different perspectives on the Enhanced ACT Writing Test. The ACT writers also started including probing writing questions and pre-writing space to help inspire thoughtful, organized, and analytical essays by ACT test-takers across the United States. So, how do you nail this thing? How do you ensure a top score on the ACT Essay? Well, first, go back and read through the Enhanced ACT Writing Test details and click on a few of the writing prompts so you know what Im talking about below. Then, get back here and keep reading.  Ã‚   Enhanced Writing Test Expectations Your essay will be graded on whether you can complete these three tasks: â€Å"evaluate and analyze† the given perspectivesâ€Å"state and develop† your own perspectiveâ€Å"explain the relationship† between your perspective and those given 1. Critique as You Read the Prompt (5 minutes) Read the prompt with your pencil in your hand. Evaluate means to judge or critique and analyze means to break down into parts. So, basically, youre going to need to find the strengths and weaknesses of the initial argument and the three perspectives quickly before you write anything. Here are some easy ways of doing just that: Underline the premises of each perspective. Premises are the statements that present the evidence.  Since President Jones raised taxes on businesses, business owners have had to fire employees because they cant afford to pay both.Circle the conclusions of each perspective. Conclusions are the claims the perspectives are making. Its what they say will or did happen because of the premise.  Since President Jones raised taxes on businesses, business owners have had to fire employees because they cant afford to pay both.Poke holes in each perspective as you read. Familiarize yourself with logical fallacies like post hoc, appeal to pity, etc., so you can accurately determine if the logic is sound within the perspectives.   Some perspectives will be logically inaccurate and you can use that as fuel for your own ideas. (Do business owners rely on the President for all financial decisions? Where is the personal responsibility of management? Fiscal responsibility? The President is not r esponsible for a small business owners poor budgeting skills.)    Create alternatives instead of the conclusions offered by the premises. (Instead of firing people, business owners could reduce bonuses, stock options and salaries of top executives. Instead of firing people, business owners could offer buy-outs to dissatisfied employees as incentives to leave voluntarily.) 2. Create a Supportable Thesis (1 minute) Now that youve thoroughly evaluated and analyzed the initial issue paragraph and each of the three perspectives, its time to state your own idea. Its important that you come up with a firm thesis or main point, here. Your perspective may completely agree with an offered perspective, partly agree with a perspective, or be completely different. Whatever the case, you must choose. You may not, under any circumstance, write an essay where you waffle back and forth between agreeing and disagreeing and end up saying nothing at all. 3. Sketch a Quick Outline (10 minutes) Heres where you get organized so your essay develops your idea and explains the relationships between your perspective and others, both of which youll be scored on. DO NOT SKIP THIS STEP. Youll dip into your personal experience, knowledge and values to prove your points. In your quick outline, youll scratch out where those points will go so you have a roadmap for your essay. Youll also make sure to add in the strengths and weaknesses of the given perspectives, adding in that analysis and evaluation you did when you read the prompt.   It does not have to, but your outline could look something like this: Introduction with thesis A. Point 1 which strongly supports my thesis. My support for Point 1 - development of your ideaHow Perspective 3 supports Point 1 with a strong argument, but Perspective 2 potentially weakens it until you realize that Perspective 2 is using faulty reasoning.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ explanation of the relationship between their ideas and yours B. Point 2 which strongly supports my thesis. My support for Point 2 – development of your ideaHow Perspective 1 opposes Point 2, but Perspective 1 fails to consider my stellar personal experience and values. – explanation of the relationship between their ideas and yours   Conclusion with challenge 4. Write Your Heart Out (25 minutes) Go for it. Take your outline and dig deep into the task using your very best language and grammar. Vary your sentence structure and language. Make your introduction stand out. (For heavens sake, dont start with a question.) For the body, present just two arguments instead of the standard three youre often taught in the five-paragraph-essay format. Why? Because you need to get into those perspectives to present counterarguments, implications and complicating factors. Youll need to use facts, experience, and authority. Logic. Appeal to emotions. Youll need to move between general statements and specific reasons, examples and details with transitions. You simply do not have enough time to do all that for three separate ideas! 5. Proofread (4 minutes) Try to set aside a few minutes at the end of your essay to proof your essay. I know its tough, but youll save yourself some points if you catch a major logical flaw and have a chance to rewrite a few sentences.Youll be scored on your  ideas and analysis, development and support, organization, and language use on a 2-12 point scale. Ensure you get every point you deserve. Practice Your Essay There is no better way to prepare for this exam than by practicing for it. Try a few of these prompts with your timer on so you know what youll face on test day.   Enhanced ACT Writing Prompts

Definition, Examples, and Observations on Writing

Definition, Examples, and Observations on Writing (1) Writing is a system of graphic symbols that can be used to convey meaning. See the observations below. Also, see the following topics related to the writing system: AlphabetGraphemicsHandwritingIdeogramLanguageLetter (2) Writing is the act of composing a text. See the observations below. Also, see the following topics related to composition: Academic WritingThe Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow WritingBasic WritingBusiness WritingCollaborative WritingComposition-RhetoricDraftingOnline WritingOverwritingPrewritingRevisionTechnical WritingWriterWriting ProcessYour Writing: Private and Public Writers on Writing Quotes About WritingWhat Is the Secret of Good Writing?What Is Writing Like? (Explaining the Writing Experience Through Similes and Metaphors)Writers on RewritingWriters on WritingWriters on Writing: Overcoming Writers Block Etymology and Pronunciation From an Indo-European root, to cut, scratch, sketch an outline Pronunciation: RI-ting Observations Writing and Language Writing is not language. Language is a complex system residing in our brain which allows us to produce and interpret utterances. Writing involves making an utterance visible. Our cultural tradition does not make this distinction clearly. We sometimes hear statements such as Hebrew has no vowels; this statement is roughly true for the Hebrew writing system, but it is definitely not true for the Hebrew language. Readers should constantly check that they are not confusing language and writing.(Henry Rogers, Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2005) Origins of Writing Most scholars now accept that writing began with accountancy. . . . In the late 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in Mesopotamia reached a point at which it outstripped the power of memory of the governing elite. To record transactions in a dependable, permanent form became essential... [E]ssential to the development of full writing, as opposed to the limited, purely pictographic writing of North American Indians and others, was the discovery of the rebus principle. This was the radical idea that a pictographic symbol could be used for its phonetic value. Thus a drawing of an owl in Egyptian hieroglyphs could represent a consonant sound with an inherent m; and in English a picture of a bee with a picture of a leaf might (if one were so minded) represent the word belief.(Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing. Thames, 1995) The Literate Revolution in Ancient Greece By Aristotles time, political orators, including Demosthenes, were publishing written, polished versions of speeches they had earlier delivered. Though writing had been introduced into Greece in the ninth century [BC], publication long remained a matter of oral presentation. The period from the middle of the fifth to the middle of the fourth centuries B.C. has been called the time of a literate revolution in Greece, comparable to the changes brought in the fifteenth century by the introduction of printing and in the twentieth century by the computer, for reliance on writing greatly increased in this period and affected the perception of texts; see Havelock 1982 and Ong 1982. . . . Rhetoric gave increased attention to the study of written composition. The radical effects of greater reliance on writing can, however, be exaggerated; ancient society remained oral to a much greater degree than modern society, and the primary goal of the teaching of rhetoric was consistently an ability to speak in public. (George A. Kennedy, Aristotle, On Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse. Oxford University Press, 1991) Plato on the Strange Quality of Writing Thamus replied [to Theuth], Now you, who are the father of letters, have been led by your affection to ascribe to them a power the opposite of that which they really possess. For this invention will produce forgetfulness in the minds of those who learn to use it, because they will not practice their memory. . . . You offer your pupils the appearance of wisdom, not true wisdom, for they will read many things without instruction and will therefore seem to know many things, when they are for the most part ignorant. Writing, Phaedrus, has this strange quality, and is very like painting; for the creatures of painting stand like living beings, but if one asks them a question, they preserve a solemn silence. And so it is with written words; you might think they spoke as if they had intelligence, but if you question them, wishing to know about their sayings, they always say only one and the same thing. And every word, when once it is written, is bandied about, alike among those who understand and those who have no interest in it, and it knows not to whom to speak or not to speak; when ill-treated or unjustly reviled it always needs its father to help it; for it has no power to protect or help itself.(Socrates in Platos Phaedrus, translated by H. N. Fowler) Further Reflections on Writing Writing is like a drug, too often employed by quacks who dont know what is true and what is false. Like a drug, writing is both a poison and a medicine, but only a real doctor knows its nature and the proper disposition of its power.(Denis Donoghue, Ferocious Alphabets. Columbia University Press, 1981)Writing is not a game played according to rules. Writing is a compulsive, and delectable thing. Writing is its own reward.(Henry Miller, Henry Miller on Writing. New Directions, 1964)Writing is really a way of thinkingnot just feeling but thinking about things that are disparate, unresolved, mysterious, problematic or just sweet.(Toni Morrison, quoted by Sybil Steinberg in Writing for Your Life. Pushcart, 1992)Writing is more than anything a compulsion, like some people wash their hands thirty times a day for fear of awful consequences if they do not. It pays a whole lot better than this type of compulsion, but it is no more heroic.(Julie Burchill, Sex and Sensibility, 1992)It is necess ary to write, if the days are not to slip emptily by. How else, indeed, to clap the net over the butterfly of the moment? for the moment passes, it is forgotten; the mood is gone; life itself is gone. That is where the writer scores over his fellows; he catches the changes of his mind on the hop.(Vita Sackville-West, Twelve Days, 1928) You most likely need a thesaurus, a rudimentary grammar book, and a grip on reality. This latter means: theres no free lunch. Writing is work. Its also gambling. You dont get a pension plan. Other people can help you a bit, but  ­essentially youre on your own.  ­Nobody is making you do this: you chose it, so dont whine.(Margaret Atwood, Rules for Writers. The Guardian, February 22, 2010)Why one writes is a question I can answer easily, having so often asked it myself. I believe one writes because one has to create a world in which one can live. I could not live in any of the worlds offered to methe world of my parents, the world of war, the world of politics. I had to create a world of my own, like a climate, a country, an atmosphere where I could breathe, reign, and recreate myself when destroyed by living. That, I believe, is the reason for every work of art. We also write to heighten our awareness of life. We write to lure, enchant, and to console others. We write to serenade. We write to taste life twice, once in the moment and once in retrospection. We write to be able to transcend our life, to reach beyond it. We write to teach ourselves to speak to others, to record the journey into the labyrinth. We write to expand our world when we feel strangled or restricted or lonely.(Anaà ¯s Nin, The New Woman. In Favor of the Sensitive Man and Other Essays. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976) The Lighter Side of Writing Writing is like the worlds oldest profession. First, you do it for your own enjoyment. Then you do it for a few friends. Eventually, you figure, what the hell, I might as well get paid for it.(Television scriptwriter Irma Kalish)

Short Story Author Analysis - Isaac Babel Research Paper

Short Story Author Analysis - Isaac Babel - Research Paper Example However, it was his engagement with the truthful depiction of the heinous acts committed by those in high authority that landed him in trouble with Stalin that eventually led to his execution. In Babel’s life, the loss of life and tenderness of emotion went hand in hand. Most of his literary work carries an understated preoccupation with the theme of ‘death’ and since, this preoccupation formed an indispensable part of his growing years; detachment was an inevitable consequence. His collection of thirty five short stories, by the title ‘Red Cavalry’ is the epitome of violent depictions in his work through his career. This violence and morbid details of death and murder stem from first hand accounts after being a recruit in the 1st Cavalry Army. As he floated through war-affected times, in his personal life, his several marriages and extra-marital affairs began to tell a tale of disillusionment with permanence of any sort. The only permanence that there was, was that of the insecurities of an unstable and ‘always-at-risk’ life that stayed with him for the rest of his life. As Lionel Trilling remarks about Isaac Babel: â€Å"He was captivated by the vision of two ways of being, the way of violence and the way of peace, and he was torn between the two† (Trilling, 119) As a writer, Babel always remained in the eye of controversy. The stories from ‘Red Cavalry’ like Crossing the River Zbrucz, My first goose and Salt are all stories with diverse plots and yet are tied together with the element of death in some form. ‘Crossing the River Zbrucz’ or ‘Crossing into Poland’ begins on a morbid note, which casts its shadow over the rest of the narrative. The somber mood of the story is however offset intermittently with an odd Wordsworth-like description at times. â€Å"Faint-hearted poverty closed in over my couch. Silence overcame all.

Reflective writing#2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflective writing#2 - Essay Example During that time, I knew that she wrote the name of her crush at the back of her Bible. It was also during that time that I did something unforgivable to her as her best friend. What I did was I went and opened my big, attention-deficient mouth and told our classmates that my best friend wrote the name of her crush at the back of her Bible. And since we were in elementary then, it was only natural that my classmates would be curious about the identity of that person. They all started borrowing her Bible just to see the name written at the back. At first, she didn't know why people started borrowing her Bible. Eventually, though, she did find out the reason. Needless to say, my best friend got very angry at me, then. It was the first time that a friend, a best friend, of mine got that angry at me. She didn't talk to me for a long time, even after I apologized, and I didn't know what to do since I knew I was the one at fault. But after some time, though, I think she forgave me. We were on speaking terms again, but our relationship was never the same. I had a harder time relating to her because I always thought that she was still mad at me. My guilt, even when I was that young, ate me alive. That memory is one of my most unforgettable ones and, until now, serves as the setting in which I learned two lessons which for me are very important. The first is being careful of what I allow to get out of my mouth and the second is the importance of a best friend. One who reads this might wonder how it is possible for an elementary kid to learn such seemingly grown-up truths. Actually, I would have to admit that I didn't really realize those two until the latter part of my high school years. I'm not saying that it is impossible for a 3rd grader to realize something like that, either. In contrast, I think it is young children that are most able to believe in friendship and its importance. But going back, the first lesson that I learned, which is being careful of the things I say, is something I realized recently that I have to take more seriously again. Sure, ever since that time, I have been careful to keep my mouth shut, especially with secrets. But recently, I noticed that I've been partially going back to my old ways, which is getting attention by giving information. You know, you say things that would interest people so that you can keep their attention. Also, I have started to say semi-mean things to people as a joke. It might not seem to affect them, but I know that such words do have an effect on them. Who knows, they might dismiss the words now, but in the future, when a time comes when they're feeling down or depressed, the words I uttered might come back to haunt them. The mind, after all, is one huge storage database. It is not just an issue of karma which people say goes around, nor is it a case of reaping what one sows, although, now that I think about it, it may be a bit of the latter. But being careful of what I say is one of the ways I can help, build up or destroy the people around me. As I heard somewhere, words are powerful. Actually, the mouth with its words is probably the one most capable of inflicting a wound that would take years to heal. I remember an instance years ago when my father left to go with my mom to her hometown. While he was gone, his brother went by our house to visit. I've already forgotten

Sustainnability through markrting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainnability through markrting - Essay Example While dictating a broad range of guidelines (both legal and quasi-legal) to the governments and the corporate sector towards exercising discretion and good-sense in their utilization of the natural resources for development, the idea of sustainability also carried an immense potential for marketing and image projection for organizations. Organization that have taken steps to assimilate the sustainability issues in their governance and policies are able to reap the benefits of efficiency in their processes, as well as garner an image of good corporate citizenship that’s priceless in terms of their brand equity. Organizations that continue to take a traditionalist view of their stakeholders’ aims as one of wealth or profit maximization are oblivious to the veritable goldmine of benefits that a sustainability-focused marketing strategy can bring. StoraEnso, an integrated paper, packaging and forest products company, is leading the way to success through its sustainability initiatives, and serves as an apt example under the present discussion. The paper giant is placed in an industry that is increasingly looked down upon for the adverse impact that its operations have on the environment. With environmentalists and local communities bitterly fighting against the felling of trees and the threat of ecological imbalance, and governments vacillating between the profitability and community pressures, the paper industry has more on its plate than just the need to streamline its operations. StoraEnso has however changed this threat into an opportunity – by promptly incorporating the social and environmental sustainability commitments into its vision and mission, it is able to make foray into newer markets in addition to consolidating its position as a market leader in the existing markets. Instead of observing the local communities as enemies and environmentalists as blackmailers, StoraEnso believes in acknowledging their concerns, and working with them as

Introduction to Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Law Coursework - Essay Example nt that must be fulfilled for a contract to be valid, we will discuss the law of contract in detail and then compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. For a contract to be enforceable contract, certain basic requirements must be presented. There must an agreement based upon genuine consent of the parties, supported by a consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. This paper will start by discussing what an offer is and later on compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. (Hussein, 1993) a) An offer may be made to a specific person or to any member of a group or to the world at large, but it cannot form the basis of a contract until it has been accepted by an ascertained person or group of persons. For example if A makes an offer to B, it is a specific offer and B is the only person who can accept it. But in many cases, it is immaterial to whom the offer is made. Offers made by advertisement are the commonest form of offers made to the world at large, and can be accepted by anyone just by acting on them. For example in the following case studied. The defendants offered a reward of  £100 to anyone who contracted influenza after using their smoke ball for a fortnight. The plaintiff, relying on the advertisement, bought the smoke ball and used it as prescribed, but still contracted influenza. She sued for the advertised reward. It was held that the advertisement was a true offer, and not a mere advertising puff, and the defendants were held liable to pay the reward. b) An offer may be made by a word of mouth, in writing or by conduct. The person making this offer is called the offeror, and the person to whom the offer is made is called the offeree. For example an offer made by conduct may be of a bus playing on a certain route. This is usually an offer by the owner of the bus to carry passengers at the published fare for various stages. The offer is accepted by conduct when the passenger

E-commerce Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-commerce - Literature review Example For instance, according to Jia-xin, Hong-xia & Jun (2010), it is estimated that one of four customers in China and 2 of three in Europe and Korea use e-commerce in making their purchases. However, despite all the benefits associated with e-commerce from both the perspective of the business and consumer, there are inherent challenges, which are affecting both the buyers and business in e-commerce platforms. Therefore, this literature review will focus on the advantages, disadvantages of e-commerce from both the perspective of consumers and business; look at the e-commerce market in the UK; examine culture of youth employment in UK and the Hofstede’s culture dimension and finally, the theoretical framework underlying e-commerce. According to Doolin et al. (2005), most consumers making their purchases through B2C consider it as a habit because of the popularity the method has gained as a new of way of shopping for goods in the UK, U.S.A, Asia and Japan. Moreover, Jia-xin, Hong-xia & Jun (2010) argues that, e-commerce is a convenient and easier way of shopping for goods because it is more flexible in terms of place and time. Therefore, this implies that as long as you are linked to the internet you can shop from any place or any time by going online to a business’s website store and make orders for goods and services. Thus, as consumer you will need not to stop working or get stuck in traffic as you go for in-store shopping. Conversely, e-commerce shopping provides comprehensive information about goods and services that are stocked by a business to consumers, hence, making them feel satisfactory and confident in purchasing such goods and services (Jia-xin, Hong-xia & Jun, 2010). That notwithstanding, e-commerce is less costly compared to in-store shopping because consumers will not have moving from one shop to another looking for goods or engage in bargaining negotiations with salesmen, thus, saving them traffic fees and transaction energy and

Introduction to Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Law Coursework - Essay Example nt that must be fulfilled for a contract to be valid, we will discuss the law of contract in detail and then compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. For a contract to be enforceable contract, certain basic requirements must be presented. There must an agreement based upon genuine consent of the parties, supported by a consideration and made for a lawful object between competent parties. This paper will start by discussing what an offer is and later on compare and contrast between an offer and an invitation to treat. (Hussein, 1993) a) An offer may be made to a specific person or to any member of a group or to the world at large, but it cannot form the basis of a contract until it has been accepted by an ascertained person or group of persons. For example if A makes an offer to B, it is a specific offer and B is the only person who can accept it. But in many cases, it is immaterial to whom the offer is made. Offers made by advertisement are the commonest form of offers made to the world at large, and can be accepted by anyone just by acting on them. For example in the following case studied. The defendants offered a reward of  £100 to anyone who contracted influenza after using their smoke ball for a fortnight. The plaintiff, relying on the advertisement, bought the smoke ball and used it as prescribed, but still contracted influenza. She sued for the advertised reward. It was held that the advertisement was a true offer, and not a mere advertising puff, and the defendants were held liable to pay the reward. b) An offer may be made by a word of mouth, in writing or by conduct. The person making this offer is called the offeror, and the person to whom the offer is made is called the offeree. For example an offer made by conduct may be of a bus playing on a certain route. This is usually an offer by the owner of the bus to carry passengers at the published fare for various stages. The offer is accepted by conduct when the passenger

Super Bowl Ads Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Super Bowl Ads - Assignment Example The commercial of this mega event is a trend setter in the industry due to high cost and quality. The Operah was marketing a jeep. At beginning the product was not clear, it revealed surprises at the end in emotional background. Patriotic emotions were triggered with the help of a very persuasive language. The theme itself was strong enough that it needs not any musical background. Without any music the theme sounds so real and natural. Female narrator suits the theme but the gender change might reduce the impact of the commercial The commercial does not leave a quick impact on a viewer and the Google Trends (Shaughnessy, 2013) shows that there it did not leave any significant impact on the Samsung search uptick. The theme of the commercial is good but it failed to win the viewership of a large segment of the society which may hint the future business, trends and gains. Shaughnessy Haydn (2013). Did Samsungs Superbowl Ad Make A Difference In Its Battle With Apple? . Retrieved from

Should Israel be viewed as a state for Jews or a Jewish State Essay Example for Free

Should Israel be viewed as a state for Jews or a Jewish State Essay What do you think are the key issues at stake in the discussion within the Jewish world over whether the modern State of Israel should be understood as a state for Jews or a Jewish state? Is it posbbile for it both to be a ‘Jewish and Democratic state’. The two main viewpoints are split between those of the secular Zionists that believe the Jews have a right to self determination, and therefore need a safe haven to be protected from damaging anti semitic attacks that can cause many attrocities, such as the holocaust. The religious zionists agree with the secular zionists, but go further and believe that religious be-liefs should be encorporated in the state. They do not believe Israel should simply be a state for jews, but should have a mandate to promote Judaism to their jews. opinions on the issue: Professor Ariel Rosen Zvi, an observant jews, believes that reli- gion should not be imposed by force as the whole beauty of religion is that it is one that people choose out of their own intellect. He does however believe that both sides should compromise to find a common solution. Aviezer Ravitsky is a liberal minded professor and believes that the sexcular jew re- quires the country to be free and that the religious jew must go along with that, but the secular jew must cooperate in keeping the nation jewish. He believes the govern- ment should sway more to the side of Jewish law. Rabbi Zvi Weinman â€Å"if we dont believe in religion, what are we doing in this land? Hashem promised it to our ancestors on condition that we observe the Torah. If we do not, then we are here as conquerors. We were united over the ages not by common ethnic descent nor by a common history but by a common faith† Contriversial topics: Contriversy lies in specific topics such as busses on the Jewish day of rest (Shabbat). Many religious people do not want to pay for ireleigous people to break the special commandment of the Sabbath, through taxes. it’s not necesarily the money aspect, but more the fact that they are invariably causing another fellow jew to disobey a commandment. However, ithis method may cause many ireleghious jews to resent the torah. another contribersial topic is the Kosher commandment. whether or not israel should promote the sale of non kosher food within its borders, for example pork. there are over a million non jews in israel, it seems almost discriminatory to disallow these peo- ple the leisure of favourite foods. there is a major rift over the secular and hareidim arguments. Reasons for this is due to the fact that many hareidis want to eradicate women in public billboards due to the immodest representation that influences many religious men. they want to detatch is- rael from typical western civilization that has made many people very vulnerable to the unconcious influences that advertisement induces on the physical attitudes of the population. Benjamin Netanyahu wants the arabs to recognize Israel as a Jewish state. A Jewish state sounds like a theocracy, and theocracys are conviversial in respects to democratic states run by accountable people. it seems discrimonatory and racist the idea of having a state with one religion. it is governmed by a democraticalted parliament, yet still holds jewish values and religous customs. but this is just like the ones made in the UK with the recognition of Christmas and Easter as holidayhs. i believe that it is just attacked for its jewish character which emblems zionism. Is Israel a state of the Jews, united by shared histrocial traditions and experience , or is it a Jewish state, whose essence is integrally related to religious faith? We can stem this right from the root of Israel, the declaration of independence does not mention god. Troen believes that if ISrael is a jew- ish state, then democracy cannot exist; but israel does have Jewish elements, and still resides to be the only democratic country in the middle east. Israel’s essentially can be originated back to many sources of importance. The very fact that it can be originated all the way back to the foundation of Judaism is signifi- cant: the first words uttered by G-d to the first jew, Abraham was to leave his home- land and go to Israel. G-d then promised Abraham that he would have a multitude of nations and many descendants of whom would make a nation and a ‘Eretz Yisrael’ which translates as Israel- to be a land to live in. Abrahams response was to keep the land forever. This laid the basis for zionism in the Jewish religion. The importance of Israel even remains the focus of every day life. Each day, the focus of prayer is the land of Israel. It is the conscious direction of Israel that a jew faces whilst praying, regardless of where the Jew is in the world. The land of Israeel is clearly the focus of Judaism and without a belief in Judaism as a religion, all validity of Israel as a land for the people is gone.. The holiness of the land is at such an extent due to the biblical events that happened there. Jewish history is based on Israel. The hard- ships experiences by pharoh and other perseuctions were all legistimised by the even- tual redemption of gaining the land of Israel. The Shema which is a prayer recited twice a day states that if the jewish people observe the commandments and behave morally, the land will respond by having enough rain and produce enough crops in Is- rael. However, if the jews stray from the land, they will loose it . thus , the quality and quantity of crops in Israel depends on the behavior of its inhabitants. Every jew agrees that the land is holy and it is promised. However, the concept of the state and modern day zionism is argued.the stories of the patriachs (Gen. , chs. 12 to 50) form the first chapter in that great theological history of Is- rael’s origins which we find in the first six books of the Bible. Religious Zionists believe that the establishment of national sovereignty in Israel will hasten the messiah. They believe that if settling in the land of Israel hastens the mes- siah, how much more so would enticing all jews to settle in Israel. Thus they focus on the similarities between secular Zionists to try minimise the differences. Just like ignaz maybaum, they focus on the correlation between the Nazi holocaust and the establish-ment of Israel. They believe that the principle message of the holocaust to be there is now a clear signal from g-d that it s time for the exile to end. They believe that the STATE IS AN OPPORTUNITY BY G-D TO STATE THAT THE MESSIAH IS CLOSER. CLASSICAL RAB- BINICAL LITERATURE TEACHES THAT BEFORE SOMETHING MAGNIFICENT OR GREAT OCCURS, THERE MUST BE A GREAT TRAGEDY. IN THIS CASE, THE HOLO- CAUST HAD TO OCCUR IN ORDER FOR THE STATE OF ISRAEL TO BE FOUNDED. THIS THEORY SUPPORTS THE ACTUAL EVENTS, AS MANY HISTORIANS BELIEVE THAT WITHOUT THE HOLOCAUST, ISRAEL WOULD NEVER HAVE COME INTO EXIS- TENCE. (NETEUREI KARTA WONT LIVE IN ISRAEL BECAUSE THEY DO NOT BELIEVE A JEWISH STATE SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED WITHOUT MESSIAH) The rebirth of the state of Israel is contemporary revelation; I is the voice of g-d speaking forth from history, and for some evokes the essence of G-d even stronger in relation to the holococaust. The return to zion is the ultimate vindication of G-ds presence in history and his providential gov- ernance of man and the world. The Jew witnessed Auschwitz as ‘the hiding of the face of g-d’, yet the rebirth of the state of Israel allows the same jew to witness the smile on the face of G-d which is proof of his quintessence. Eliezer Berkowitz. statehood is the repudiation of powerlessness in exile,†1 The history of Israel would continue in the history of the Jewish people, a people claimed by the God of Israel to live under his law to the last generation of mankind. 2 When the second world war ended, contact between the Yishuv in Palestine and the remnants of European Jewry, which imme- diately created a fateful mutual relationship. The institutions of the Zionist movement and the Yishuv made every effort to bring the survivors of the death camps back to life and hope, while the latter became an active factor in the determination of Jewish policy, with the unequivocal objective for the entire Jew- ish people of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine. After the capitulation of the Nazi’s, thousands of Jews assembled in the Displaced Persons camps of Germany. But the borders were not yet closed, and a movement westwards began from Eatern Eu- ope. Survivors returned to their home in the hope of findings those members of their families from whom they had been seperated during the Holocaust. The non Jewish population generally did not welcome the Jews. and the problem of restor- ing houses, apartments or property that had been confiscated arose. Some 150,000 Jews returned to Poland in 1946 from Rus- sia alone. And swiftly consequences followed as in June 1946, a terrible pogrom broke out in Kielce in which docens of Jews were murdered. It had become apparent that the Holocast had not only failed to soften the traditional anti-semitism of the pol- ish people, but had even intensified it. Even in Kiev, riots broke out over the question of restoring apartments to their rightful owners. In Bratislava there were actual pogroms. As a result, Jews began to flee Westords. Some 200,000 Jewish refugees were assembled in the DP camps in Germany by the end of 1946, most of them looking forward to the one thing- peace and security among their bretheren, that could be only attained through emigration to Palestine. But the gates were closed. 1 Berkovits, Faith After the Holocaust, 4-5. 2 Old Testament Library. John Bright. A history of Israel. Second Edition. SCM Press LTD Bloomsbury St Loindon. Hugh Dalton 1945 announced at the LAbour partt conference ‘it was morally wrong to restrict entry of Palestine of Jews. it was indispensble tht steps be taken to get common support for the policy of giving facilities for the crreation of a free, happy and prosperous Jewish State of Palestine. Truman of the US declared in mid august 1945 of his support for the right to free Jewish immigration and on 2 september he sent a missive to Clement Attlee demanding 100,000 Jewish refugees be granted immediate entry. The labour government ignoredthese demands. AS a result, ha’apalah (illegal immigration) was beginning to be carried out. As early as August and September 1945, small boats from Italian ports began to arrive to Palestine with sur- vivors. On the night of 2 November 1945 an attack on railway lines was launched to demonstrate to the British that they could not rule the country against the wishes of the Jewish. Yishuve. In the meantime, illegal immigration was increasing. The british began to apprehend immigration ships at Sea. The Hagana reacredby blowing up radar installations and policy cars. Two basic facts have determined the development of the young State of Israel: mass immi- gration, which flooded the country immediately after its establishment and brought hun- dreds of thousands of Jews from different countries, united in religion, historical origin and emotional identity, but seperated in language and social values. immigration served as a diversifying factor, creating tensions and undermining the stability of israel society. The mass immigation in the first years of statehood was the result of pressure exerted by Jews waiting in DP camps in Germany and Cyprus and of refugees from Eastern Europe. It was aimed at fulfilling the Basle Programme, the central aim of Zionism. The very establish- ment of the State of Israel and international support for this act came from the recognition that there was no other place for Jewish Refugees, and the disturbing realization that had such a refuge existed in the 1930s at least part of European Jewry might have been saved. By the end of 1950, some 45,000 Yemenite Jews had arrived- gathered from their places of residence to Aden whence they were flown to Israel in ‘Operation Magic Carpet’. In 1950 some 122,000 Iraqi Jews immigrated. 30,000 from Libya, 37,000 from Bulgaria. By the end of 1951, 104,000 from Poland and 119,000 from Romania. All in all immigrants in the first three and a half years of statehood totalled 685,000 of whom 304,000 from East- ern Europe. The new arribals were greeted as part of the biblical narrative of ‘Ingathering of the Exiles’ . 3 3 a hist of j p sasson Zionism is distinct from Biblical return to Israel. It represented a transfoermation of this tra-ditional form of self understanding. it fundamental message was: if you wish to change your exilic condition, you must learn how nations emerge and survive. Don’t wait for the miracle but act on instinct. Secular Zionism demythologized the Jewish people’s sense of who they were. It contradicted accepted patterns of thought by asserting that exile was not necessarily gorounded in sin or Torah commandments , but the result of a failure to explpi- ot the political, social and eocnomic conditions required for nation building. In the period following the establishment of Israel, the Bible served as a foundaitonal text for Israeli society. Although religious and secular Zionists had different attitudes toward it, they shared a common passion for it. The bible opened the seculsar Zionists to a broader vision of community efined by social justice and ethics. It anchored them to the land and energied them to discover the beauty of the Hebrew language. The bible was a light that illuminated new ways of living in the world as Jews. For secular zionists, the Bible was the basis for new anthropology, how to live ones life in the prescence of G-d. For religious Zionists, the bible supported their con-viction that there was religious significance to their return to the promised land. Just as the bible had provided observant Jews iwht a frame of reference to make sense of exile, it now gave meaning to their return. After the 6 Day war, the feeling of the religious Zionists towards the Bible depened when the land of the bible, the promised Land, suddenly opened up before them. the Greater Land of Israel movement which opposes yielfindg soverignty over the entire Land of IS- rael, began in response to the feeling that Jewish peoples long history of wairing was now being vindicated by God through an open miracle. The footsteps towards the Messiah were approaching and God had retuened the land through SIraels democratic vistory through the asserted theme that god was returning his kingdom in victory. The older generations of Israelis loved the Bible. Today, that generation is dying, and what had once been the national literature of the country is slowly being discarded as irrelevant. For the religious Zionist community, the current peace process has destroyed a fundamen- tal part of their religious appreciation of the state of ISrael. Giving up the Promised land that the government are willing to do means that you are turning back on what was sup-posed to be a redemptive biblical drama. For the Ultra Orthodox Jewish continuiity entails the repudiation of modernity. Our survival in the apst was due to seperation and insulation from the world. ‘The weakeneing of Jewish histrocial solidarity among Israeli youth is due to the loss of the bible as the foundational text of Israeli society. Israelis concerned about the assimilation facing diaspora Jewry are losing their faith that the state of Israel willl provide a viable sec- ular alternative to the traditional religious forms of Jewish identity the 1950 law of return codified this mission to gather Jews from around the world by grant-ing them the right to settle in Israel, gain automatic citizenship. Official israeli policy re- garding the law of return is explicit: no commitments of faith as long as no alternative faith is adopted. A Jew is adopted whether he or she is athiest, secularist, or unitnterested in Judaism. (shows that it’s a state for Jews) popwer point: Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni 2008 reaffirmed the fact that ‘a jewish state is not a mo- nopoly of Rabbis, it is about the nature of the state of Israel. it is about Jewish tradition and history, regardless of religion. ‘ Avigdor Liberman feb 2014.the term Jewish State refers primiarily to nationality. isnce their emergence in antiquity, the jewish people have constituted a nation, a people and a civilization, anchored in basic aspcts of their identity, such as Judaism and the hebrew lan- guage. israel is to the jewish people what france is to the french. israel defines itself as the Jewish state. the jewish affinity for the land of israel has its roots in continuous jewish presence over the past 3500 years. while the desire to re establish a jewish state in the land of israel was intensified by harsh persecution and repeated massacres, it mostly de-rived from the belief that only in a soveingty jewish state could the jewish poeple epress it- self commpletely. Even in the declaration of Israel’s indepedence 1948, it begins with the claim that ISrael is the birthplace of the Jewish people. ‘Here their spiritual, relgiious and national identity was formed; here they wrote and gave the bible to the world’ persecering until the restoration of their national freedom. The ‘Jewish’ nature is first defined within the Declaration of indepe- dence and influenced by its affinity towards Jewish heritage and tradition (as cosidied in the Emblem of Israel, the flag and certain official instrirtutions) The deomcratic character was only added in 1985 ecause of the need to legallly define the Jewish nature and demo- cratic character of the State of Israel arose because of attempts to cancel the democratic nature o Israel. 1994 question whether the israel government is permitted to limit hte import of non kosher meat, despite the basic law: freedom of occupation, arose. initially, the high court of justice ruled that the government cannot limit such imports; however after the knesset past some amendments to the basic laws, the limit was incldued. Similarly, ultra orthodox are exempted from taking part in the military on grounds of reli- gious admission to yeshivot. It is thought that just as the military provides the physical strength of ISrael, the ones in yeshiva provide the spiritual guarding of G-d. The State for Jews was acknowledge by the Balfour Declaration of November 1917 and reaffirmed by the mandate of the LON, giving explicit international recognition to the his- toric connection of the Jewish people with Palestine, and their right to reconsitute their Na- tional Home. The nai holocaust proved the urgency for a soloution to Jewish homeless- ness. Hertlzs speach from Der Judenstaat 1896 asserted that the JEwish question is ‘neither a social, nor a religious one’ but instead a ‘national question’ in response to mass anti semitism. ‘we are still decried as aliens. oppression and persecution cannot exterminate us. no nation has endured such struggles. ‘ but he claims that Palestine is our unforget- table historic homeland. however during operation margic carpet in 1948, a jew in yemen Sliman Jaradi stated that ‘we hate israel because it is a ionist state, not a jewish state. Jaradi claimed to have refused to immigrate to Israel because he believed the state had lost its jewish character. ISrael has no religion, Torah or morals. Modernity granted them citizenship from the ghetto but also led to the holo- caust. For many Jews. For the first time, your position in life wasn’t fate- decided by G-d, but decided by yourself. Jewish population thought how quickly can we assimilate and cast off these tired Jewish rituals- many thought that modernity would promise that much lib- eration and that if you were a Jewish German, you could be German before Jew- ish. The rise of socialism emerged; Jews thought that the suffering they are current- ly enduring can ultimately be drawn back to class warfare. Their peoples suffer-ing was just an issue of class warfare. People had the freedom to decide who to rule them. Moses Hess wrote the first book on Zionism in 1962. He would differ from the socialist camp by saying history is a racial struggle. They belong in a homeland of their own. Assimilation was a false sense of security that would lead to dead Jews. He rejected the idea that Judaism could be a cultural tradition Those things can be bent and moulded. They were ethnically distinct. Any idea that you could convert away was just illusionary. This was no longer adequate be- cause Germany stuck by the mantra that you cannot change your blood. Hertzl. Even during Hertzl’s life- the idea of a Jewish state was a fantasy. He thought the idea of assimilation was great, then the Dreyfus Affair happened. The Dreyfus affair set him straight. Anti Semitism was eternal, it was a joke to act like the Jews could pledge allegiance to their nation. He was in favor of a secular Jewish state, not religious. In terms of potential places to go, Argentina was still high on the list. So long as the Jewish question is not solved on the po- litical level. He’s saying because racial struggle is eternal, the natural and justi- fied logical response of those people is hostility. So, when the Jews go to Eng-land, it’s logical that they would encounter Anti Sem. To consolidate Ottoman debt if they were offered ottoman support. While the Pope met him respectful- ly, he told Hertzl that ‘he couldn’t support the people that killed Jesus. ’ Hertzl was charismatic but he wasn’t that fanatical compared with the other nationalists of that era. His rhetoric was flaming but it was exactly what you needed to start a worldwide movement. Unfortunately, the first generation of Zionist farmers were unprepared and unskilled but more came, learnt and were traded up. Hertzl made a public journey to TLV to meet Kaiser Wilhem of Ger- many 1870. Another reason why Jews supported Israel was due to pogroms- This stiumlated the first round of immigration to Palestine between 1881-85. Most of them were litterally fleeing hteir home as opposed to due to a zionist mantra. 1897 First great Zionist congress. He preached the doctrine of racial distinc- tion and the need for Jews to have their own distinctiveness, he insisted that everyone wore their finest Top and Tails that set the standard very high for the zionist world. The Uganda Offer 1903 The zionist sent a research team in Uganda, the locals were not willing to accept europeans moving it, but also the animals were scary. Uganda still has a Jewish population. Tel Aviv founded in 1909. Jewish settlers buy plots of land from local bedouins. Balfour declaration 1917; James Robert Balfour was influenced by Christian Zionism, compelled by his ideology to support the Zionists. He had been lobbeyd into this position for at least a decade. A national home, as distinct from a Jewish state. Interested in a national home, not a Jewish state necessari- ly. The Ottoman position on Israel was good compared to the British people. Chaim Weizmann talking Christian Zionism= The zionism by Christians. Essential for Jews to have a state so as for the apoc-oplyse to come about. New reading of the bible saw the apololypse as immi- nent and the Jews seeking a homeland as a sign that a new world was coming. Many of the most powerful people, like Lloyd George. Vast majority of Zionist entrance into Palestine was financial, they would buy their way into owning the land. Much of that land while it was ‘palestinian land’, it was not really being used. To this day, The vast majority of Israel purchases is because no one else will buy it. For the Zionist back home, it was only a tiny portion of them that would maybe have a problem. Palestinian society was not united and it would take them up until maybe the 60s for them to be fully unit- ed and it meant that it took the Palestinians a long time to mobilize and ocme to terms with there being this massive population moving in. Major arab protests and strikes which were too late. The White Paper, 1922. Churchill issued a torn resonponsibility between Arab and Jewish sides. The British government taking their Balfour declaration back. On the one hand you had the genuine British desire for a homeland, yet there was also a desire to unite the arabs. The white paper did not satisfy anyone, the arabs still end up siding up with Hitler. In 1922, Britain took over. 1929- Massacre in Hebron, both the Sephardic Jewish population had generally lived in peace with Arab nations, but with the ever growing prescience of Zion- ist immigrants, things finally peaked and led to bloody murder. Hagannah, zionist military force. They claimed to help the Zionist movement, didn’t engage in warfare. The Irgun led by Zev Jabotinsky he was in favour of the annihilation of Palestines Arab population and would carry on until the formation of the state. His group was responsible for the KD hotel bombings killing a significant amount of British forces. 36-39 the Arab revolt. Took a v long time to mobilize the group. 21st Zionist Congress 1939 in Geneva.. Following the Second WHITE Paper ab- solved Britain of responsibility to the jewish people. all forthe purposees of a vain attempt to regain arab loyalty so that they didnt side with hitler. Chaim Weizzman was Hertzls right hand man. At this point the world didnt real- ize that the holocaust was going on, and saw the eradication of european Ger- many as a goal because in 1939 Macdonald white paper was published. In it it said that the Balfour declaration has been fulfilled. It is now obselete. Even at this point when Jews were being killed, the British made it clear that immigra- tion to Palestine was limited. The most effective way of gaining land for the Zionists was to buy it- they were not permitted to do so either. This provoked many of the zionist leaders to establish a legal immigration, to hide the immi- grants in boats and smuggle. Zev Jabotinsky was involved. Churchill was outraged. The new white paper was a step too far. he voted against his own party. They thought if they supported Hitler, that this region could be theirs. Haj Amin Al Husseini, responsible for Hitler to go through with the final solution. Roosevelt during WW2 he fought anti semitism by conflating anti semitism with nazism, as an american, u do not want to do what nazis do. this campaign was successful. amogn much of american soiety, non jews started supporting the jewish state en masse. powerpoint: reasons why israel must be recognized as a jewish state former mossad chief meir dagan thinks the demand to recognize isrtael as a jewish state is nonsnse. but it is not nonsense- itis the most natural and justi- fied demand imaginable. 1) for decades Zionism refused to see the palestinian people, and the palestini-an national movement refuses to see the jewish people and recognize in this way its right to a jewish state. the souble and continuing lindness is what ig- nites the ongoing tension. peace will be possible when both realize the need for recognition for eachother 2) the camp david epace summit and oslo ocurds saw a new vision in israel, with many israelis opening up new modern acceptance to the other people in the land. 3) palestinians will not give up on the demand for the right of return. the trau- ma of the nakba is their foundational trauma the jewish people is a poeople of this land and it did not arrive from mars. It is neesary to demand of them to admit that the jewish people has a history of its own and a tragedy of its own and its own justification. the jews are not colonialists but legal neough- bours. there will not be eace until thechildren growing in deheisheh refusee camp will knwo that the country accross the borderis a legitimate jewish state of a jewish people whom they are to live side by side. 4) an israeli palestinain pece agreement is to an extent a one sided agreement in which israel gives and palestinainsrecieve. only te recognition of israel as a jewish state would turn the longed for agreement into a two sidedone.while israel will transfer concrete assets to its neighbours, the palestinians will give the only give they can: legitimacy. Toren pointed out that most Zionists in the generation that prceded Herzl were Rabbis, but many founders of the state of Israel were in rebellion against the religious tradition because, they felt, if G-d was omnipresent in the lives of Jews, how was Jewish suffering accounted for. The founders were people who said we cant wait for G-d for salvation, we can’t wait for the end of history, we must take our fate in our own hands. it was a secular humanist revoloution that understood that this would be a state for the jews, a refuge. But it also under- stood that this would be a Jewish state, a state where the language would be Hebrew, a state that would draw on the traditions that had been formed over the centuries. Asher Susser, a senior fellow at Brandeis Crown Centre for Strategic Studies said he sees Israel as the state of Jews rather than a Jewish state. However, he claims that in terms of Arab affairs, it doesn’t really matter whether Israel is considered the state of the Jews or a Jewish state. The religious thesis for Arabs is considered to be irelevant, it is the Zionist elements that causes the rift. However, this contradicts with Meir Kahunas point that ISrael cannot be a democratic state and Jewish state at the same time as Jewish state conflicts with the Arabs and other religions that reside in ISrael while democratic con- flicts with the whole point of the need for Israel, if it became focused on a democratic state for Jews, then the Law of Return should have to include Arabs too, and the whole point of having a safety haven for Jews would be dimin- ished. Susser however agrees with this by ctizieing Arabs who are calling for Is- rael to change in fundamental ways so that they can feel it is a state for all citi-zens. This is a euphemism for the destruction of Israel as the sate of the Jewish people. ‘one of these Arab intellectuals said ISrael should be as Jewish as Swe- den is Christian. that is a complete rejection of my national identity israel is as jewish as sweden is swidish. our jewishness is parallel to swdenishness, not to swedens christianity’. Salman Masalha there is a fundamental misunderstanding that underlies his concluding declaration: ‘There is no such thing as a Jewish democratic state, just as there is no Muslim democratic state’ At the root of this sentence lies a deep, tragic misunderstanding that characterizes many Arab positions on Is- raels identity. in the standard arab view, ‘Jews’ are comparable to ‘Christians’ or ‘Muslims’ in other words, they are a religous group, not a nation. And it is not only arabs who thinks that way. there is no dobut that for hundreds of years, Jewish identity was percieved by Jews and non jews alike primarily as a reli- gious identity. This is where they contradict with the Zionist revoloution that the Jews are a nation, and as such, they have the right to national self determination in a po-litical framework as accepted by the UN on Nov 29 1947, in its decision to parti- tution British Mandatory Palestine into two states- Jewish and Arab. Israel views itself as a Jewish nation state; jewish identity has a religious component, histor- ically. AND THIS IS THE PROBLEM THAT COMPLICATES ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE ISRAELI PALESTINIAN CONFLICT the fact that the arab side has difficulty in recognizing that Jews view themselves as a nation. identtity is a matter of self definition, not external definition. Just as jews are not the ones who will de- termine whether the palestinians are a people or not, Masalha cannot deter- mine whether the jews are a people or not. It is a question of self determina- tion. Arabs refusal to accept Israel as a jewish state attests to an unwillingness to accept the jewish people right to self determination. because what is at is- sue is national identtity, not religious identity, there can indeed by a jewish democratic state, just as there can be an arab democratic state, just like Lebanon and Egypt, an arab stte that maintains a political system with demo- cratic principals. Yair Lapid claims that ‘the problem is that israel is defined. both by law and by a decisive major.